Low-Power Double Data Rate (LPDDR) emerged as a specialized high performance, low power memory for mobile phones. Since its first release in 2006, each new generation of LPDDR has delivered the bandwidth and capacity needed for major shifts in the mobile user experience. Once again, LPDDR is at the forefront of another key shift as the next wave of generative AI applications will be built into our mobile phones and laptops.

AI on endpoints is all about efficient inference. The process of employing trained AI models to make predictions or decisions requires specialized memory technologies with greater performance that are tailored to the unique demands of endpoint devices. Memory for AI inference on endpoints requires getting the right balance between bandwidth, capacity, power and compactness of form factor.

LPDDR evolved from DDR memory technology as a power-efficient alternative; LPDDR5, and the optional extension LPDDR5X, are the most recent updates to the standard. LPDDR5X is focused on improving performance, power, and flexibility; it offers data rates up to 8.533 Gbps, significantly boosting speed and performance. Compared to DDR5 memory, LPDDR5/5X limits the data bus width to 32 bits, while increasing the data rate. The switch to a quarter-speed clock, as compared to a half-speed clock in LPDDR4, along with a new feature – Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling – keeps the higher data rate LPDDR5 operation within the same thermal budget as LPDDR4-based devices.

Given the space considerations of mobiles, combined with greater memory needs for advanced applications, LPDDR5X can support capacities of up to 64GB by using multiple DRAM dies in a multi-die package. Consider the example of a 7B LLaMa 2 model: the model consumes 3.5GB of memory capacity if based on INT4. A LPDDR5X package of x64, with two LPDDR5X devices per package, provides an aggregate bandwidth of 68 GB/s and, therefore, a LLaMa 2 model can run inference at 19 tokens per second.

As demand for more memory performance grows, we see LPDDR5 evolve in the market with the major vendors announcing additional extensions to LPDDR5 known as LPDDR5T, with the T standing for turbo. LPDDR5T boosts performance to 9.6 Gbps enabling an aggregate bandwidth of 76.8 GB/s in a x64 package of multiple LPDDR5T stacks. Therefore, the above example of a 7B LLaMa 2 model can run inference at 21 tokens per second.

With its low power consumption and high bandwidth capabilities, LPDDR5 is a great choice of memory not just for cutting-edge mobile devices, but also for AI inference on endpoints where power efficiency and compact form factor are crucial considerations. Rambus offers a new LPDDR5T/5X/5 Controller IP that is fully optimized for use in applications requiring high memory throughput and low latency. The Rambus LPDDR5T/5X/5 Controller enables cutting-edge LPDDR5T memory devices and supports all third-party LPDDR5 PHYs. It maximizes bus bandwidth and minimizes latency via look-ahead command processing, bank management and auto-precharge. The controller can be delivered with additional cores such as the In-line ECC or Memory Analyzer cores to improve in-field reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS).

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