New technical papers recently added to Semiconductor Engineering’s library:

More Reading
Technical Paper Library home

The post Chip Industry Technical Paper Roundup: August 20 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

EUV mirror interference lithography

Researchers from the Paul Scherrer Institute developed an EUV lithography technique that can produce conductive tracks with a separation of just five nanometers by exposing the sample indirectly rather than directly.

Called EUV mirror interference lithography (MIL), the technique uses two mutually coherent beams that are reflected onto the wafer by two identical mirrors. The beams then create an interference pattern whose period depends on both the angle of incidence and the wavelength of the light. In addition to the 5nm resolution, the conductive tracks were found to have high contrast and sharp edges.

“Our results show that EUV lithography can produce extremely high resolutions, indicating that there are no fundamental limitations yet. This is really exciting since it extends the horizon of what we deem as possible and can also open up new avenues for research in the field of EUV lithography and photoresist materials,” said Dimitrios Kazazis of the Laboratory of X-ray Nanoscience and Technologies at PSI in a statement.

The method is currently too slow for industrial chip production and can produce only simple and periodic structures. However, the team sees it as a resource for early development of new photoresists and plans to continue research to improve its performance and capabilities. [1]

Artificial sapphire dielectrics

Researchers from Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology created artificial sapphire dielectric wafers made of single-crystalline aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃).

“The aluminum oxide we created is essentially artificial sapphire, identical to natural sapphire in terms of crystal structure, dielectric properties and insulation characteristics,” said Tian Zi’ao, a researcher at SIMIT, in a release.

“By using intercalation oxidation technology on single-crystal aluminum, we were able to produce this single-crystal aluminum oxide dielectric material,” added Di Zengfeng, a researcher at SIMIT, in a release. “Unlike traditional amorphous dielectric materials, our crystalline sapphire can achieve exceptionally low leakage at just one-nanometer level.”

The researchers hope the improved dielectric properties could lead to more power-efficient devices. [2]

Accelerating computation on sparse data sets

Researchers from Lehigh University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed specialized hardware that enables faster computation on data sets that have a high number of zero values, frequent in the fields of bioinformatics and physical sciences. The hardware is portable and can be integrated into general-purpose multi-core computers.

“The accelerating sparse accumulation (ASA) architecture includes a hardware buffer, a hardware cache, and a hardware adder. It takes two sparse matrices, performs a matrix multiplication, and outputs a sparse matrix. The ASA only uses non-zero data when it performs this operation, which makes the architecture more efficient. The hardware buffer and the cache allow the computer processor to easily manage the flow of data; the hardware adder allows the processor to quickly generate values to fill up the empty matrices,” explained Berkely Lab’s Ingrid Ockert in a press release. “Once these values are calculated, the ASA system produces an output. This operation is a building block that the researcher can then use in other functions. For instance, researchers could use these outputs to generate graphs or they could process these outputs through other algorithms such as a Sparse General Matrix-Matrix Multiplication (SpGEMM) algorithm.”

The ASA architecture could accelerate a variety of algorithms. Microbiome research is presented as an example, where it could be used to run metagenomic assembly and similarity clustering algorithms such as Markov Cluster Algorithms that quickly characterize the genetic markers of all of the organisms in a soil sample. [3]

References

[1] I. Giannopoulos, I. Mochi, M. Vockenhuber, Y. Ekinci & D. Kazazis. Extreme ultraviolet lithography reaches 5 nm resolution. Nanoscale, 12.08.2024 https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NR01332H

[2] Zeng, D., Zhang, Z., Xue, Z. et al. Single-crystalline metal-oxide dielectrics for top-gate 2D transistors. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07786-2

[3] Chao Zhang, Maximilian Bremer, Cy Chan, John M Shalf, and Xiaochen Guo. ASA: Accelerating Sparse Accumulation in Column-wise SpGEMM. ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) Volume 19, Issue 4, Article No.: 49, Pages 1-24 https://doi.org/10.1145/3543068

The post Research Bits: Aug. 20 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

HP just dropped some major gaming gear news at Gamescom 2024, showcasing their latest OMEN and HyperX products. These new toys are all about customization, giving gamers the freedom to tweak their setups and make sure they’re ready for the future with upgradable OMEN components. OMEN 35L: Power Meets Personalization HP knows what gamers want:…

The post HP Unleashes Next-Level Gaming Gear at Gamescom appeared first on Invision Game Community.

Monitor HP 727pq se na první pohled tváří jako elegán, kterého zaparkujete na pracovním stole a bude věrně sloužit pro zobrazení vašich nápadů, dokumentů, tabulek a nějakému tomu filmu nebo videu. Zkrátka takový ten poctivý pracant pro produktivní jedince. Jenže pod elegantním designem se skrývá velmi příjemné překvapení.  

Začněme tím, co je na první pohled nejvíce vidět – displej. Ten dosahuje úhlopříčky 27 palců a poskytuje komfortní plochu pro zobrazení obsahu. Místa je tu víc než dost, současně se můžete dívat ze vzdálenosti nějakého necelého metru a vše je dobře viditelné a čitelné. Tato velikost mi zkrátka přijde optimální jak na práci, tak multimediální zábavu, a to i ve spojení například se změnou velikosti okna prohlížeče. Quad HD rozlišení vykresluje text i obraz jasně, ostře a s čitelností nemám sebemenší problémy. 27palcová velikost je taky ideální pro komfortní sledování více oken nebo aplikací najednou. V mém případě typicky dvě.

Abychom se dostali taky k těm hrám, že, tak podporuje technologii AMD FreeSync Premium, takže se velmi dobře synchronizuje s obnovovací frekvencí grafické karty a zajišťuje plynulý obraz bez sekání nebo trhání. Samozřejmostí jsou také dle mého soudu velmi dobře kalibrované a bohaté barvy a umím si představit, že bych na monitoru HP 727pq dokázal dělat i nějaké ty náročnější editace digitálního obsahu, jako je úprava fotografií a obrázků. 

Konektivita pro náročné 

Co musím ocenit dále, je konektorová výbava. V zadní části je k dispozici slušná plejáda portů pro připojení periferních zařízení. HDMI, USB, DisplayPort, USB-C. Okolo monitoru v pohodě postavíte pracovní, multimediální i herní stanici. Z výčtu rozhraní je zřejmé, že model HP 727pq cílí výhradně na moderní počítače a zařízení, ale zase k němu připojíte vše, co potřebujete. V podstatě není problém z něj vytvořit jakousi centrální stanici, kolem které nahodíte PC, notebook, herní konzoli, a ještě si nabijete mobil nebo jiné drobné elektro. 

Přesně tam, kde ho potřebujete 

Monitor HP 727pq se vyznačuje pokročilou ergonomií a zaujme přesně takovou pozici, jakou potřebujete. Ať už jde o nastavení výšky, úhlu náklonu, nebo otočení, ve všech směrech se s monitorem manipuluje rychle a jednoduše. Jediný nedostatek po této stránce vnímám v systému uchyceni displeje na stojan, respektive při jeho odnímání. Zasunutí a upevnění je v pohodě, ale když jsem zkoušel monitor opět uvolnit, konečky prstů to trochu odskákaly, protože při uvolňování je dlouhou, dlouho nic a pak najednou lup – a je to venku. Pravděpodobně nebudete sundávat displej každý den, to jen já jsem zkoušel, jak dobře se mi bude balit zase zpátky do krabice. Ve výsledku je to vlastně dobře. Chcete přece, aby displej pevně seděl na svém místě. A že tady sedí opravdu pevně.  

Konstrukce 

Celá konstrukce monitoru HP 727pq je pořádně masivní a pevná. Samotný stojan je solidní kus kovu, který na stole drží svoji pozici a jen tak s ním něco nehne. Jednotlivé části do sebe perfektně zapadají a montáž je velmi jednoduchá. Vlastní displej pak drží na otočném pantu, což umožňuje jeho nastavení. Tento pant by možná mohl být bytelnější, nicméně nemám obavu, že by se zničehonic zlomil. Rámečky okolo displeje jsou tenké a nesnižují celkovou plochu ani kvalitu sledování.

Za zmínku stojí také možnosti nastavení. Do hlavního menu se dostanete skrze ovladač, který je skrytý na spodní pravé straně. Tlačítka jsou oddělena tenkými jednotlivými linkami, takže se vše snadno ovládání pomocí hmatu.

Článek TEST: Monitor HP 727pq – univerzál na práci, multimédia, a dokonce i hraní her se nejdříve objevil na GAME PRESS.

While it's far from controversial to consider HP to be one of the best laptop brands in the world today, to push the HP Chromebook x360 as one of their crowning products might raise some eyebrows.

The reason behind this is simple, the HP Chromebook x360 is a super-versatile entry-level product that it's easy to fall in love with. Simplicity is key and when it comes to the humble Chromebook, and boy, HP got it right.

There are a few configurations that you can purchase this Chromebook in but we'll only be pointing out the specifications of the version we tested below. However, both hardware and software features are very similar across the board should you want to use my review as an overview of the HP Chromebook x360 lineup.

 Looking for an updated list? You'll find the latest Best Gaming Laptops on PCGamesN.

What are the best laptops you can buy in 2023? Well, it's not the easiest question to answer because it will always come down to what your own needs are and the budget that you have to spend.

Fear not, as we at Gear Nuke are here to help you break through the jargon and find the best laptop that will suit your situation perfectly, even if you're on a tight budget. We've assessed a number of laptops and picked out the best based on a number of criteria.

Battery life, display, RAM, processing power, we've considered it all and more with the aim of finding the best laptop just for you. Need something for your college work, gaming, or video editing or do you just need it to run Netflix? We've got you covered.

Looking to buy the best Chromebook possible but not sure where to start? We at Gear Nuke have you covered as we take you through five of top options you can buy today. This selection of the best Chromebooks will take you through a few various needs and budgets as opposed to just throwing out the most overpowered Chromebooks which wouldn't really suit anyone!

Chromebooks are still a relatively new product having only arrived in 2011 and they're fighting hard to be considered among the best laptops on the market. We’re in a place now where all the big laptop brands are making their very own Chromebook and the retail space has become flooded with choice. With that being said, we will break down all the important aspects of each product to help you make the right decision when you’re ready. Note that the products shown below may vary in specifications between locations.

What is the best laptop you can buy for under $1000? It’s completely normal to set yourself a budget when buying a new laptop but you might be wondering whether or not you’ve set the right target. There might be a temptation to look at much older laptops from recent years because their price will have dropped, but there is plenty of updated technology on the market for a reasonable price. 

A lot of this decision will come down to what you need from the product because, let’s face it, you are not going to get a complete premium hardware package when restricting your budget… or are you? Prepare to be very surprised at what laptops you can get for your money in 2023 and let us here at Gear Nuke guide you in the right direction toward the best laptops possible.

Are you looking for a laptop that can handle your gaming, creative, and all other tasks? These usually come with higher-end specs, which naturally makes them more expensive. Here at Android Authority, we’re always searching high and low for the hottest deals, and today, we have a couple of great laptop discounts for you.

You can save $330 on the HP Victus 15 gaming laptop, bringing the price down to just $550. If you want something more powerful, there’s also a $300 discount on the ASUS Vivobook Pro 15 OLED, slashing the cost to $1,200.

Get the HP Victus 15 for $550

Get the ASUS Vivobook Pro 15 OLED for $550

Measuring temperature with neutrons

Researchers from Osaka University, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, and Tokamak Energy developed a way to rapidly measure the temperature of electronic components inside a device using neutrons.

The technique, called ‘neutron resonance absorption’ (NRA), examines neutrons being absorbed by atomic nuclei at certain energy levels to determine the properties of the material. After being generated using high-intensity laser beans, the neutrons were then decelerated to a very low energy level before being passed through the sample, in this case plates of tantalum and silver. The temporal signal of the NRA was altered in a predictable manner when the sample material’s temperature was changed.

“This technology makes it possible to instantaneously and accurately measure temperature,” said Zechen Lan of Osaka University, in a statement. “As our method is non-destructive, it can be used to monitor devices like batteries and semiconductor devices.”

The technique can acquire temperature data in a window of 100 nanoseconds, and the measurement device itself is about a tenth of the size of similar equipment.

“Using lasers to generate and accelerate ions and neutrons is nothing new, but the techniques we’ve developed in this study represent an exciting advance,” added Akifumi Yogo of Osaka University, in a statement. “We expect that the high temporal resolution will allow electronics to be examined in greater detail, help us to understand normal operating conditions, and pinpoint abnormalities.” [1]

Mapping heat transfer

Researchers from the University of Rochester applied optical super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques used in biological imaging to map heat transfer in electronic devices using luminescent nanoparticles.

By applying highly doped upconverting nanoparticles to the surface of a device, the researchers were able to achieve super-high resolution thermometry at the nanoscale level from up to 10 millimeters away.

Rochester researchers demonstrated their super-high resolution thermometry techniques on an electrical heater structure that the team designed to produce sharp temperature gradients. (Credit: University of Rochester / J. Adam Fenster)

“The building blocks of our modern electronics are transistors with nanoscale features, so to understand which parts of overheating, the first step is to get a detailed temperature map,” said Andrea Pickel, an assistant professor from the University of Rochester’s Department of Mechanical Engineering, in a release. “But you need something with nanoscale resolution to do that.”

The researchers demonstrated the technique using an electrical heater structure designed to produce sharp temperature gradients. To improve the process, the team hopes to lower the laser power used and refine the methods for applying layers of nanoparticles to the devices. [2]

ML for predicting thermal properties

Researchers from MIT, Argonne National Laboratory, Harvard University, the University of South Carolina, Emory University, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory propose a new machine learning framework that provides much faster prediction of phonon dispersion relations, an important measurement for determining the thermal properties of a material and how heat moves through semiconductors and insulators.

Heat-carrying phonons have an extremely wide frequency range, and the particles interact and travel at different speeds. “Phonons are the culprit for the thermal loss, yet obtaining their properties is notoriously challenging, either computationally or experimentally,” said Mingda Li, associate professor of nuclear science and engineering at MIT, in a release.

The researchers started with a graph neural network (GNN) that converts a material’s atomic structure into a crystal graph comprising multiple nodes, which represent atoms, connected by edges, which represent the interatomic bonding between atoms.

To make it suitable for predicting phonon dispersion relations, they created a virtual node graph neural network (VGNN) by adding a series of flexible virtual nodes to the fixed crystal structure to represent phonons. This enabled the VGNN to skip many complex calculations when estimating phonon dispersion relations, making it a more efficient method than a standard GNN.

Li noted that a VGNN could be used to calculate phonon dispersion relations for a few thousand materials in a few seconds with a personal computer. The technique could also be used to predict challenging optical and magnetic properties. [3]

References

[1] Lan, Z., Arikawa, Y., Mirfayzi, S.R. et al. Single-shot laser-driven neutron resonance spectroscopy for temperature profiling. Nat Commun 15, 5365 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49142-y

[2] Ziyang Ye et al., Optical super-resolution nanothermometry via stimulated emission depletion imaging of upconverting nanoparticles. Sci. Adv. 10, eado6268 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado6268

[3] Okabe, R., Chotrattanapituk, A., Boonkird, A. et al. Virtual node graph neural network for full phonon prediction. Nat Comput Sci 4, 522–531 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-024-00661-0

The post Research Bits: Aug. 5 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Are you looking for a laptop that can handle your gaming, creative, and all other tasks? These usually come with higher-end specs, which naturally makes them more expensive. Here at Android Authority, we’re always searching high and low for the hottest deals, and today, we have a couple of great laptop discounts for you.

You can save $330 on the HP Victus 15 gaming laptop, bringing the price down to just $550. If you want something more powerful, there’s also a $300 discount on the ASUS Vivobook Pro 15 OLED, slashing the cost to $1,200.

Get the HP Victus 15 for $550

Get the ASUS Vivobook Pro 15 OLED for $550

Společnost HP nás nechala otestovat Herní dělo zabalené v notebooku. HP Omen Transcend 16 je v podstatě tenčí a lehčí verze herního notebooku Omen 16, který ocení především vášnivý hráči, kteří chtějí mít svůj gamingový setup vždy po ruce.

Design a výbava

Náš testovaný Omen má stínově černou povrchovou úpravu. Víko, interiér a spodní panel z  hliníku působí příjemně a robustně. Na přední straně je mírný důlek, který pomáhá při otevírání jedním prstem. Displej se otevírá úplně dozadu pokud by bylo potřeba  sdílet s někým obrazovku, přičemž při zavírání se magnety v přední části rámečku displeje uspokojivě zacvaknou.

Mezi verzí Transcend Omen 16, který mám zde v testu, a běžným Omenem 16 je hned několik rozdílů. Náš testovaný Omen má procesor Intel Core i7-13700HX, grafiku Nvidia RTX 4070, 32 GB RAM a 16″ IPS WQXGA AntiGlare (2560 × 1600) 240Hz obrazovku. Tato verze transcend má vyšší poměr stran 16:10, zatímco běžný Omen 16 má poměr 16:9. Což znamená méně pixelů na výšku.  Verze transcend je také o něco tenčí a lehčí, takže u většího modelu Omen 16 jde spíše o dosažení co nejlepšího výkonu, zatímco cílem verze Transcend se zdá být hybridní přístup mezi výkonem a přenositelností.

Nemějte však obavy, ve hrách tenčí a lehčí verze Transcend obstála velmi dobře a výkon notebooku ve hrách umožní hrát cokoliv co vyjde i za několik let.

Samozřejmostí je široká škála podsvícení kláves. Veškeré nastavení celého RGB osvětlení je možné spravovat prostřednictvím softwaru HP Omen Gaming Hub. Klávesnice má mnoho zón osvětlení RGB. Jednou ze zón mohou být například prosvětlené klávesy WASD, ale k dispozici jsou také jiné možnosti RGB pro jednotlivé klávesy vlastní nebo přednastavené profily. Možností je zde opravu nepřeberné množství.

Psaní a celková odezva klávesnice byla v pořádku a bez nejmenších problémů. Nevýhodou klávesnice notebooku pro některé může být absence numerického bloku. Touchpad působí hladce, kliká kdekoli a funguje dobře a intuitivně, ačkoliv místy působí trošku levnějším dojmem.

Tlačítko napájení je hned vedle tlačítek delete a backspace, nestalo se mi, že bych náhodně zavadil, ale pokud se tak stane nevadí to, protože ve výchozím nastavení je potřeba delší stisk pro uspání.

Co se týče portů, levá strana má dva porty Thunderbolt 4 typu C a 3,5mm kombinovaný audio konektor, zatímco pravá strana má pouze port USB 3.2. Zbytek je na zadní straně, vlevo je vstup napájení, následuje gigabitový ethernet, HDMI 2.1 a druhý port USB 3.2 Gen 1 Type-A. Oba porty Type-C lze použít k nabíjení zařízení Omen s výkonem až 100 W a oba mají podporu DisplayPortu 1.4, takže k nim můžete připojit monitory.

Pokud byste měli zájem o upgrade tak vězte, že je zde místo pouze pro jeden M 2 SSD, což se může zdát pro moderní herní notebook málo, i když záleží na tom, jakou kapacitu si zvolíte.

Reproduktory se nacházejí zespodu směrem dopředu na levé a pravé straně. Jejich zvuk je na herní notebook překvapivě velmi dobrý. Znějí čistě, a lehce a jsou z nich i cítit basy. Pokud by to ale nestačilo, tak v balení se nachází herní sluchátka HyperX Cloud II Core Wireless, což jistě ocení nejeden hráč.

HP Omen Transcend 16 je napájen 6článkovou 97Wh baterií. Baterie při přehrávání videí na YouTube vydržela téměř 5 hodin, což je slušné, ale najdete na trhu i lepší alternativy, pokud jde o výdrž baterie. Pokud bychom se bavili o hraní na největší detaily tak potom baterie vydržela něco přes hodinu. Jak je již zvykem, tak k dispozici je řada profilů a možnosti nastavení, aby notebook vydržel co nejdéle.

Software herního centra HP Omen nám umožňuje přepínat mezi různými režimy výkonu. V režimech vyvážený a výkon můžete nastavit automaticky otáčky ventilátorů, nebo je nastavit do manuálního režimu, kde získáte určitou kontrolu nad křivkami ventilátorů pro CPU a GPU zvlášť. Vnitřní teploty byly při běžném provozu nízké. Při hraní her stoupne logicky teplota do takové výše, že není komfortní používat zařízení na klíně a rozhodně doporučuji nepoužívat notebook na stole s ubrusem nebo dokonce posteli, jelikož musí být zajištěno dostatečné proudění vzduchu. Co se hluku týče, tak ventilátory nebyly při běžné práci téměř slyšet, ale při hraní her a nastavení ventilátorů na maximální otáčky si pravděpodobně díky větší hlasitosti budete možná nasazovat přibalená sluchátka.

Nad displejem se nachází kamera s rozlišením 1080p. Má fyzicky posuvnou krytku pro ochranu soukromí a infračervený signál pro odemykání obličejem a využití Windows Hello. Společnost HP se připojila k trendu 16palcových obrazovek s poměrem stran 16:10 obrazovka je o něco vyšší, takže když se díváte na notebook, nemusíte mít hlavu tolik dole. Barvy jsou na herní notebook velmi dobré a vypadají skvěle jak ve hrách, tak i při sledování videa nebo běžné práci. HP Omen Transcend 16 má skvělý kontrast i pozorovací úhly. V porovnání s většinou ostatních notebooků, které jsem viděl je HP Omen Transcend 16 co se týče displeje opravdu nadprůměrný. Doba odezvy obrazovky byla dobrá a v průměru se uvádí hodnoty okolo 4ms. Musím říci, že jako hráč využívající především stolní PC, musím s klidným svědomím říci, že si Omen nevede vůbec zle. Níže se podívejte na to, jak si vede ve vybraných titulech:

• Cyberpunk 2077 rozlišení 1920×1080 vysoké nastavení DX12 s vypnutým DLSS  průměrně 90 FPS při rozlišeni 2560×1600 se dostáváme k průměrným 50 fps.
• Control rozlišení 1920×1080 vysoké nastavení DX12 s vypnutým DLSS průměrně 100FPS při rozlišeni 2560×1600 se dostáváme k průměrným 65 FPS.
• Red dead redemption 2 rozlišení 1920×1080 vysoké nastavení DX12 s vypnutým DLSS průměrně 100 FPS při rozlišeni 2560×1600 se dostáváme k 80 FPS.
• Pokud bych tu přidal nějakou rozbitou a neoptimalizovanou hru jako je třeba Immortal of Aveum rozlišení 1920×1080 vysoké nastavení DX12 s vypnutým DLSS průměrně 50 FPS při rozlišeni 2560×1600 se dostáváme k 30 FPS

Mějte na paměti, že nebylo zapnuto DLSS a Frame Generation, tudíž se jedná o hrubý výkon.
Při zapnutí zmíněných funkcí se dostáváme na úplně jiné hodnoty a zcela bez problémů si zde zahrajete co si vzpomenete. Notebook HP Omen Transcend 16 je opravu vzhledem k ke svému štíhlému designu a nízké váze našlapané herní dělo.

Po zvážení všech okolností a konkurence si myslím, že HP Omen Transcend 16 je skvělý herní notebook, který stojí za pozornost každého vášnivého hráče a tvůrce obsahu. Je to alternativa pro zákazníka, který ocení skvělý výkon a dobrou přenositelnost. Notebook má výborný displej, vysoký výkon ve hrách, skvělou konektivitu a skvělou konstrukci. Mezi jeho slabší stránky patří výdrž baterie a trochu menší možnosti upgrade.

Specifikace:

• Systém: Windows 11 Home
• Procesor: Intel® Core i7-13700HX
• Displej: 40,6 cm (16,0″) IPS WQXGA AntiGlare (2560 × 1600) 240 Hz
• Paměť: 32 GB DDR5
• Pevný disk: 2 TB M.2 SSD NVMe
• Grafická karta: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4070/8GB
• Konektivita: USB-C s Thunderbolt, USB 3.2, WiFi 6E, Bluetooth, LAN, HDMI, Touchpad, IR FHD webkamera,
• Zvuk: Bang & Olufsen + DTS:X Ultra,
• Další: Podsvícená klávesnice, celokovové šasi, VR Ready
• Barva: Shadow black

Článek RECENZE: HP Omen Transcend 16 + HyperX Cloud II Core Wireless se nejdříve objevil na GAME PRESS.

Low-Power Double Data Rate (LPDDR) emerged as a specialized high performance, low power memory for mobile phones. Since its first release in 2006, each new generation of LPDDR has delivered the bandwidth and capacity needed for major shifts in the mobile user experience. Once again, LPDDR is at the forefront of another key shift as the next wave of generative AI applications will be built into our mobile phones and laptops.

AI on endpoints is all about efficient inference. The process of employing trained AI models to make predictions or decisions requires specialized memory technologies with greater performance that are tailored to the unique demands of endpoint devices. Memory for AI inference on endpoints requires getting the right balance between bandwidth, capacity, power and compactness of form factor.

LPDDR evolved from DDR memory technology as a power-efficient alternative; LPDDR5, and the optional extension LPDDR5X, are the most recent updates to the standard. LPDDR5X is focused on improving performance, power, and flexibility; it offers data rates up to 8.533 Gbps, significantly boosting speed and performance. Compared to DDR5 memory, LPDDR5/5X limits the data bus width to 32 bits, while increasing the data rate. The switch to a quarter-speed clock, as compared to a half-speed clock in LPDDR4, along with a new feature – Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling – keeps the higher data rate LPDDR5 operation within the same thermal budget as LPDDR4-based devices.

Given the space considerations of mobiles, combined with greater memory needs for advanced applications, LPDDR5X can support capacities of up to 64GB by using multiple DRAM dies in a multi-die package. Consider the example of a 7B LLaMa 2 model: the model consumes 3.5GB of memory capacity if based on INT4. A LPDDR5X package of x64, with two LPDDR5X devices per package, provides an aggregate bandwidth of 68 GB/s and, therefore, a LLaMa 2 model can run inference at 19 tokens per second.

As demand for more memory performance grows, we see LPDDR5 evolve in the market with the major vendors announcing additional extensions to LPDDR5 known as LPDDR5T, with the T standing for turbo. LPDDR5T boosts performance to 9.6 Gbps enabling an aggregate bandwidth of 76.8 GB/s in a x64 package of multiple LPDDR5T stacks. Therefore, the above example of a 7B LLaMa 2 model can run inference at 21 tokens per second.

With its low power consumption and high bandwidth capabilities, LPDDR5 is a great choice of memory not just for cutting-edge mobile devices, but also for AI inference on endpoints where power efficiency and compact form factor are crucial considerations. Rambus offers a new LPDDR5T/5X/5 Controller IP that is fully optimized for use in applications requiring high memory throughput and low latency. The Rambus LPDDR5T/5X/5 Controller enables cutting-edge LPDDR5T memory devices and supports all third-party LPDDR5 PHYs. It maximizes bus bandwidth and minimizes latency via look-ahead command processing, bank management and auto-precharge. The controller can be delivered with additional cores such as the In-line ECC or Memory Analyzer cores to improve in-field reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS).

The post LPDDR Memory Is Key For On-Device AI Performance appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

The Ansys team is gearing up for an exciting time at DAC this week, where we’ll be sharing a whole new way of visualizing physical phenomena in 3D-IC designs, powered by NVIDIA Omniverse, a platform for developing OpenUSD and RTX-enabled 3D applications and workflows. Please attend our Exhibitor Forum session so we can show you the valuable design insights you can gain by interactively viewing surface currents, temperatures and mechanical deformations in a representative 3D-IC design.

Visualizing physical phenomena in 3D is a new paradigm for IC packaging signal and power integrity (SI/PI) engineers who are more familiar with schematics and 2D results plots (TDR, eye diagrams, SYZ parameters, etc). There’s a good reason for that – it really hasn’t been practical to save 3D physics data – or even to run full 3D simulations – for complex IC package designs until more recent (~5-10 years) advancements in Ansys solver technologies along with increasing accessibility to high performance compute power. I have had the pleasure of supporting a few early adopters in the SI/PI engineering community as they used 3D field plotting in HFSS to gain design insights that helped them avoid costly tape-out delays and chip re-spin. Their experiences motivate my desire to share this invaluable capability with the greater IC packaging design community.

I started my career using HFSS to design antennas for biomedical applications. Like me, the greater antenna and RF component design community has been plotting fields in 3D from Day 1 – I don’t know of any antenna engineer that hasn’t plotted a 3D radiation pattern after running an HFSS simulation. What I do know is that I’ve met hundreds of SI/PI engineers who have never plotted surface currents in their package or PCB models after running an HFSS simulation. And that must change.

…but why exactly? What value does one gain by plotting fields in 3D? If you don’t know what kind of design insights you gain by plotting fields, please allow me to show you because seeing is revealing.

Let’s say I send a signal from point A and it reflects off 3 different plates before returning back to point A:

Fig. 1: The plot below shows the received power from a sensor placed at Point A (the same position as the emitter). Can you tell which bump in this two 2D plot is the original signal returned back home?

Fig. 2: No? Neither can I. Even if you somehow guessed correctly, could you explain what caused all those other bumps with certainty?

With HFSS field plotting, everything becomes crystal clear:

Video 1: 3-bounce animation.

The original signal returns after a travel distance of 6 meters around the circle while the rest of the bumps result from other reflections – this is the kind of physical insight that a 2D plot simply can’t deliver.

Advanced packaging for 3D-IC design can’t be done with generic rules of thumb. To meet stringent specifications (operate at higher frequencies, speeds, and lower latency, power consumption), engineers are demanding the use of HFSS because its gold-standard reputation has come from countless validation studies comparing simulated results against measurement, and there is no room to compromise on accuracy for these very complex and costly designs. As more electronics are packed into tighter spaces, the risk for unwanted coupling between the different components (often stacked vertically) increases and being able to identify the true aggressors becomes more challenging. That’s when field visualization as a means to debug – i.e., uncover, learn, truly understand – what’s happening becomes an invaluable tool.

What exactly is causing unwanted radiation or reflections? What exactly is the source of noise coupling into this line? Are we seeing any current crowding on conductors or significant volume losses in dielectrics that may lead to thermal problems? Plot the fields and you will have the information required to diagnose issues and design the exact right solution – nothing more (over-designed), nothing less (failing design).

If you’re one of the early adopters who has plotted fields in highly complex designs, you will know that fields post-processing can be very graphics intensive – especially if you want to immerse yourself in the physical phenomena taking place in your design by plotting in a full 3D volume and cutting through the 3D space layer by layer. Ansys uses the enhanced graphics and visual rendering capabilities offered by NVIDIA Omniverse core technologies, available as APIs, to provide a seamlessly interactive and more intuitive experience, increasing accessibility to design insights that engineers can only gain by physics visualization.

I’m not asking my SI/PI engineering colleagues to ditch the schematics and 2D results plots – I just believe that they should (and inevitably will!) add 3D field plotting into their design process. The rise in design complexity coupled with advancements in Ansys and NVIDIA technologies is poised to make 3D field plotting – an invaluable yet heretofore underutilized tool in the world of signal and power integrity design – a practical requirement. For a first look into what will one day be commonplace design practice, please attend our Exhibitor Forum session on Wed., June 26, 1:45 PM -3:00 PM at DAC to experience our interactive demonstration of Ansys physics visualization in a representative 3D-IC design, powered by NVIDIA Omniverse.

The post Powering Next-Generation Insightful Design appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

V loňském roce jsem měl na recenzi drátovou verzi sluchátek HyperX Cloud 3, které dopadly velmi dobře a popravdě již tenkrát jsem netrpělivě vyhlížel jejich bezdrátovou verzi. Ta mi konečně nyní s lehkým časovým odstupem, (díky reorganizaci HyperX a HP), přistála na stole, respektive na hlavě. Po vydání Cloud Alpha Wireless s výdrží neuvěřitelných 300 hodin jsem byl zvědav, zda Cloud 3 Wireless náhodou nebudou spojením těchto dvou výše zmíněných sluchátek.

Hráči, ale i běžní uživatelé tráví u PC týdně desítky hodin a jedna z věcí, kterou přitom používají jsou sluchátka, díky kterým mohou efektivně pracovat i hrát tak, aby nerušili okolí a zároveň sami nebyli příliš rušeni. Já osobně mám sluchátka na hlavě vždy, kdy zasednu k PC a používám je i jako tlumič okolních zvuků, abych se byl schopen lépe soustředit na práci. Za svou kariéru jsem měl možnost testovat řadu sluchátek a musím říci, že ne se všemi jsem byl vždy zcela spokojen. Mezi mé oblíbené značky však patří HyperX, který má ve svém portfoliu několik opravdu skvělých kousků a nabízejí skvělý poměr cena/výkon.

Během posledních dvou týdnů jsem měl to potěšení testovat nejnovější sluchátka Cloud 3 Wireless. Jejich konstrukce je velmi podobná předcházejícím Cloud 2, ovšem má některá vylepšení, která tento nový headset posouvají dále, Jedním z nich je baterie s mnohem delší výdrží. Další změnou je USB-C dongle s volitelným USB-A nástavcem, což další inovace. S USB-C donglem totiž nyní můžete sluchátka bezdrátově připojit i s mobilním telefonem, tabletem, PS4, PS5 nebo handheldem.

Design

Design testovaných sluchátek je vyveden v černo-černé barevné kombinaci, ale dělá se i v tradiční černo-červené kombinaci. Samotná sluchátka váží 340 gramů, což přispívá k dlouhému a pohodlnému nošení. Náušníky jsou polstrované paměťovou pěnou, která se přizpůsobí každému tvaru hlavy a nijak netlačí. Kryt z umělé kůže dobře chrání od okolních zvuků, je ale otázka, jak dlouho tato umělá kůže vydrží. Nedávno jsem zpozoroval, že na některých dvouletých sluchátkách se začala „kožená“ úprava nepříjemně loupat. Ovládací prvky jsou standardní: plynulé ovládání hlasitosti pomocí kolečka, ztlumení mikrofonu a tlačítko napájení, víc netřeba.

Zvuk

Nejdůležitějším aspektem sluchátek je ale kvalita zvuku, 53mm audio měniče s impedancí 60 ohmů jsou již použity v drátovém modelu, a proto slibují dobrou kvalitu zvuku. Cloud 3 s přechodem na bezdrát přesto trochu ztrácí a zní o něco méně bohatě než jejich drátová verze. Konkrétně basy nejsou tak hluboké, ale i přesto jsou jasně patrné. pokud ale nebudete mít srovnání, tak vám to může přijít vcelku normální. Na druhou stranu středy a výšky jsou srovnatelné s drátovými Cloud 3.

V některých hrách jsem zaznamenal mírné kolísání zvuku při zapnutém DTS, což může vést k méně přesné lokalizaci příchozích nepřátel. Je možné, že toto vyřeší některá z budoucích aktualizací softwaru a nebo také ne. HyperX poskytuje v aplikaci Ngenuity 10 pásmový ekvalizér pro individuální nastavení, ten je ale dostupný pouze na PC a nastavení se nijak nenahrává do samotných sluchátek, což je trochu škoda. Bylo by skvělé mít jedno nastavení zvuku na několika zařízeních.

Mikrofon

Každý hráč potřebuje pro dobrou komunikaci se spoluhráči kvalitní mikrofon a ten, který je obsažen u Cloud 3 Wireless poskytuje solidní výkon. 10mm mikrofon je nejen zcela odnímatelný, ale je také vybaven vnitřním pop filtrem, který účinně minimalizuje rušivý hluk na pozadí. Ovšem opět zde platí, že pokud sluchátka nebudete používat na PC, tak mikrofon bude zaznamenávat i více okolních ruchů.

Baterie a dosah

Zvláštní technickou zajímavostí je nadprůměrná výdrž baterie až 120 hodin při 50procentní hlasitosti. Díky tomu můžete sluchátka používat po opravdu dlouhou dobu. Škoda, že zde HyperX nepoužil stejnou výdrž, kterou disponují Clud Alpha Wireless.

Pokud jde o bezdrátový dosah, tak Cloud 3 Wireless jsou na tom velmi dobře a sluchátka bez problému přenáší signál i na vzdálenost přes  metrů a nějakou tu zeď.

Celkově

HyperX Cloud 3 Wireless zaujmou kvalitním designem, dobrým zpracováním a solidním vyváženým zvukem. Velkým bonusem je nově přidaná kompatibilita s různými platformami, odnímatelný mikrofon a dobrá výdrž. Nevýhodou je nemožnost uložit si zvukový profil přímo do sluchátek a také nekonzistentní výkon v DTS. Pokud však hledáte pohodlná bezdrátová sluchátka primárně pro PC hraní za přijatelnou cenu, Cloud 3 Wireless by měly být ve vašem hledáčku.

Článek RECENZE: HyperX Cloud 3 Wireless – Vylepšení již tak skvělých sluchátek se nejdříve objevil na GAME PRESS.

Back in March, I wrote up an article here that looked at how a proxy circuit could be used to measure variations in circuit performance as conditions changed in the operating environment. There were a couple of recent presentations on margin sensors at two of the big EDA vendors’ customer engineering forums that we’ll look at as well as another product with an upcoming presentation at DAC. Margin sensors have applications for silicon health and performance monitoring for SoCs, characterization, yield, reliability, safety, power, and performance. How they are configured, though, determines their best suited tasks.

The first presentation was given at Synopsys’ SNUG Silicon Valley on March 20, 2024, titled “Diagnosis of Timing Margin on Silicon with PMM (Path Margin Monitor)”, by Gurnrack Moon, Principal Engineer at Samsung. One of the key aspects of the PMM that Samsung appreciated was the closer correlation between the PMM and the actual paths versus, say, using a Ring Oscillator approach.

Fig. 1: Synopsys Path Margin Monitor diagram. (Source: Synopsys)

My previous article described how the “Monitor Logic” portion of the PMM diagram shown above in figure 1 would conceptually work. Taps taken along the synthetic circuit of buffers could be compared to see how far the signal made it down the path and thus determine how much margin is available. A strength of this approach is that it allows one PMM to be used on multiple paths. It does have a disadvantage, though, of introducing additional control overhead and adding additional delay components in to the monitor path.

The PMMs on the chip are connected in a daisy-chain fashion which reduces the number of signals needed to send information from the PMMs to the Path Margin Monitor Controller. This also reduces the number of signals for communication. This setup efficiently uses chip area to provide information about the state of the silicon. Typically, one might expect this type of capability to be exercised in a “diagnostic” mode where data would be captured, analyzed, and then used to determine appropriate voltage and frequency settings as opposed to a more dynamic or adaptive approach.

Samsung appreciated being able to “determine if there are problems or what is different from what is designed, and what needs to be improved. In addition, PMM data fed to the Synopsys Silicon.da analytics platform provides rich analytics, shortening the debug/analysis time.” This was used on production silicon. Synopsys also has other blog articles here and here for the interested reader.

The second presentation was given at CadenceLIVE Silicon Valley, April 17, 2024, titled “Challenges in Datacenters: Search for Advanced Power Management Mechanisms”, and presented by Ziv Paz, Vice President of Business Development at proteanTecs. His presentation focused on proteanTecs’ Margin Agents and noted how these sensors were sensitive to process, aging, workload stress, latent defects, operating conditions, DC IR drops, and local Vdroops.

Fig. 2: Reducing voltage while staying within margin. (Source: proteanTecs, CadenceLIVE)

Figure 2 shows how designers must handle “worst-case” scenarios and often do so by creating enough margin to operate under those conditions. In the diagram shown here, that margin shows up as a higher operating V_DD. If the normal operating mode is 650mV with an allowance for a -10% change in V_DD then the design is implemented to run at 585mV (90% * 650mV). Most of the time though, the circuitry will operate properly below 650mV so that running at 650mV is just wasting energy.

proteanTecs then presented a case study that was designed using TSMC’s 5nm technology. The chip incorporated 448 margin agents consisting of buffers with a unit delay of 7ps.

Fig. 3: Example margin agents and corresponding voltage. (Source: proteanTecs, CadenceLIVE)

Figure 3 above shows the margin agents (all 448) on the left side with the thicker black line showing the worst case for all 448. The right side shows the voltage. It also demonstrates that when the threshold is lowered the voltage will now drop to 614mV and the design continues to operate properly.

Fig. 4: Example margin agents with droop and corresponding voltage. (Source: proteanTecs, CadenceLIVE)

Figure 4 shows that as the voltage on the right drops that the worst-case margin agent values also drop and once they cross the yellow(-ish) line the voltage is signaled to return to the pre-AVS voltage of 650mV. The margin agent values then improve and the AVS voltage of 614mV will kick back in. By reacting when the margin agents cross the yellow line, it allows time for the voltage to increase and adjust before the voltage hits the red (585mV) line, thus always keeping it in the proper operating zone.

For this case, proteanTecs saw a 10.77% power saving and said that they’ve typically seen savings in the 9%-14% range. For this data center-oriented customer, this was important because of a limited power budget per rack, cooling limitations, carbon neutrality requirements (PUE), and a high CAPEX. Other benefits are a higher MTTF, lower maintenance costs, and a prolonged system lifetime. proteanTecs claimed a minimal impact on area and that currently most of their designs are in 7nm, 5nm, and below.

The third vendor announced their Aeonic Insight product line including a droop detector on November 14, 2023. Movellus’ Michael Durr, Director of Application Engineering is scheduled to give a talk at DAC on Wednesday, June 26, 2024, titled “Droop! There it is!” Movellus has been long known for their digital clock generation IP and, as one might guess, their design uses a synthetic circuit for detecting changes in the operating environment. Leveraging their clock generation expertise, they are initially targeting an adaptive frequency (or clock) scaling (AFS) approach that also leverages their digital clock generation IP.

The post Margin Sensors In The Wild appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

New technical papers added to Semiconductor Engineering’s library this week.

More Reading
Technical Paper Library home

The post Chip Industry Technical Paper Roundup: June 10 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Enlarge / Yes, there are bigger monitors, but is there a better way to have a tri-monitor setup? (credit: Getty)

In a technical disclosure published this month, HP explored a Micro LED monitor concept that would enable consumers to easily use various multi-monitor configurations through the use of "Lego-like building blocks." HP has no immediate plans to make what it has called "composable Micro LED monitors," but its discussion explores a potential way to simplify multitasking with numerous displays.

HP's paper [PDF], written by HP scientists and technical architects, discusses a theoretical monitor that supports the easy addition of more flat or curved screens on its left, right, or bottom sides (the authors noted that top extensions could also be possible but they were "trying to keep the number of configurations manageable"). The setup would use one 12×12-inch "core" monitor that has a cable to the connected system. The computer's operating system (OS) would be able to view the display setup as one, two, or multiple monitors, and physical switches would let users quickly disable displays.

• 

  The illustration shows a monitor made of a core unit and two extension panels viewed as three monitors (left), two monitors (middle), and two monitors with different orientations (right). [credit: HP/Technical Disclosure Commons ]

Not a real product

HP's paper is only a technical disclosure, which companies often publish in order to support potential patent filings. So it's possible that we'll never see HP release "composable Micro LED monitors" as described. An HP spokesperson told me:

Read 15 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Everything around you is getting smarter. Artificial intelligence is not just a data center application but will be deployed in all kinds of embedded systems that we interact with daily. We expect to talk to and gesture at them. We expect them to recognize and understand us. And we expect them to operate with just a little bit of common sense. This intelligence is making these systems not just more functional and easier to use, but safer and more secure as well.

All this intelligence comes from advances in deep neural networks. One of the key challenges of neural networks is their computational complexity. Small neural networks can take millions of multiply accumulate operations (MACs) to produce a result. Larger ones can take billions. Large language models, and similarly complex networks, can take trillions. This level of computation is beyond what can be delivered by embedded processors.

In some cases, the computation of these inferences can be off-loaded over a network to a data center. Increasingly, devices have fast and reliable network connections – making this a viable option for many systems. However, there are also a lot of systems that have hard real time requirements that cannot be met by even the fastest and most reliable networks. For example, any system that has autonomous mobility – self-driving cars or self-piloted drones – needs to make decisions faster than could be done through an off-site data center. There are also systems where sensitive data is being processed that should not be sent over networks. And anything that goes over a network introduces an additional attack surface for hackers. For all of these reasons – performance, privacy, and security – some inferencing will need to be done on embedded systems.

For very simple networks, embedded CPUs can handle the task. Even a Raspberry Pi can deploy a simple object recognition algorithm. For more complex tasks there are embedded GPUs, as well as neural processing units (NPUs) targeted at embedded systems that can deliver greater computational capability. But for the highest levels of performance and efficiency, building a bespoke AI (Artificial Intelligence) accelerator can enable applications that would otherwise be impractical.

Engineering a new piece of hardware is a daunting undertaking, whether for ASIC or FPGA. But it enables developers to reach a level of performance and efficiency not possible with off-the-shelf components. But how can the average development team build a better machine learning accelerator than the designers creating the most leading-edge commercial AI accelerators, with multiple generations under their belt? By highly customizing the implementation to the specific inference being performed, the implementation can be an order of magnitude better than more generalized solutions.

When a general-purpose AI accelerator developer creates an NPU, their goal is to support any neural network that anyone might conceive. They want to get thousands of design ins, so they have to make the design as general as possible. Not only that, but they also aim to have some level of “future proofing” built into their designs. They want to be able to support any network that might be imagined for several years into the future. Not an easy task in a technology that is evolving so rapidly.

A bespoke accelerator needs to only support the one, or perhaps several, networks to be used. This freedom allows many programmable elements in the implementation of the accelerator to be fixed in hardware. This creates hardware that is both smaller and faster than something general purpose. For example, a dedicated convolution accelerator, with a fixed image and filter size, can be up to 10 times faster than a well-designed general purpose TPU.

General purpose accelerators usually use floating point numbers. This is because virtually all neural networks are developed in Python on general purpose computers using floating point numbers. To ensure correct support of those neural networks, the accelerator must, of course, support floating point numbers. However, most neural networks use numbers close to 0, and require a lot of precision there. And floating-point multipliers are huge. If they are not needed, omitting them from the design saves a lot of area and power.

Some NPUs support integer representation, and sometimes with a variety of sizes. But supporting multiple numeric representation formats adds circuitry, which consumes power and adds propagation delays. Choosing one representation and using that exclusively enables a smaller faster implementation.

When building a bespoke accelerator, one is not limited to 8 bits or 16 bits, any size can be used. Picking the correct numeric representation, or “quantizing” a neural network, allows the data and the operators to be optimally sized. Quantization can significantly reduce the data needed to be stored, moved, and operated on. Reducing the memory footprint for the weight database and shrinking the multipliers can really improve the area and power of a design. For example, a 10-bit fixed-point multiplier is about 20 times smaller than a 32-bit floating-point multiplier, and, correspondingly, will use about 1/20^th the power. This means the design can either be much smaller and energy efficient by using the smaller multiplier, or the designer can opt to use the area and deploy 20 multipliers that can operate in parallel, producing much higher performance using the same resources.

One of the key challenges in building a bespoke machine learning accelerator is that the data scientists who created the neural network usually do not understand hardware design, and the hardware designers do not understand data science. In a traditional design flow, they would use “meetings” and “specifications” to transfer knowledge and share ideas. But, honestly, no one likes meetings or specifications. And they are not particularly good at effecting an information exchange.

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) allows an implementation produced by the data scientists to be used, not just as an executable reference, but as a machine-readable input to the hardware design process. This eliminates the manual reinterpretation of the algorithm in the design flow, which is slow and extremely error prone. HLS synthesizes an RTL implementation from an algorithmic description. Usually, the algorithm is described in C++ or SystemC, but a number of design flows like HLS4ML are enabling HLS tools to take neural network descriptions directly from machine learning frameworks.

HLS enables a practical exploration of quantization in a way that is not yet practical in machine learning frameworks. To fully understand the impact of quantization requires a bit accurate implementation of the algorithm, including the characterization of the effects of overflow, saturation, and rounding. Today this in only practical in hardware description languages (HDLs) or HLS bit accurate data types (https://hlslibs.org).

As machine learning becomes ubiquitous, more embedded systems will need to deploy inferencing accelerators. HLS is a practical and proven way to create bespoke accelerators, optimized for a very specific application, that deliver higher performance and efficiency than general purpose NPUs.

For more information on this topic, read the paper: High-Level Synthesis Enables the Next Generation of Edge AI Accelerators.

The post High-Level Synthesis Propels Next-Gen AI Accelerators appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Attention nowadays has turned to the energy consumption of systems that run on electricity. At the moment, the discussion is focused on electricity consumption in data centers: if this continues to rise at its current rate, it will account for a significant proportion of global electricity consumption in the future. Yet there are other, less visible electricity consumers whose power needs are also constantly growing. One example is mobile communications, where ongoing expansion – especially with the new current 5G standard and the future 6G standard – is pushing up the number of base stations required. This, too, will drive up electricity demand, as the latter increases linearly with the number of stations; at least, if the demand per base station is not reduced. Another example is electronics for the management of household appliances and in the industrial sector: more and more such systems are being installed, and their electronics are becoming significantly more powerful. They are not currently optimized for power consumption, but rather for performance.

This state of affairs simply cannot continue into the future for two reasons: first, the price of electricity will continue to rise worldwide; and second, many companies are committed to becoming carbon neutral. Their desire for carbon neutrality in turn makes electricity yet more expensive and restricts the overall quantity much more severely. As a result, there will be a significant demand for efficient electronics in the coming years, particularly as regards electricity consumption.

This development is already evident today, especially in power electronics, where the use of new semiconductor materials such as GaN or SiC has made it possible to reduce power consumption. A key driver for the development and introduction of such new materials was the electric car market, as reduced losses in the electronics leads directly to increased vehicle range. In the future, these materials will also find their way into other areas; for instance, they are already beginning to establish themselves in voltage transformers in various industries. However, this shift requires more factories and more suppliers for production, and further work also needs to be carried out to develop appropriate circuit concepts for these technologies.

In addition to the use of new materials, other concepts to reduce energy consumption are needed. The data center sector will require increasingly better-adapted circuits – ones that have been developed for a specific task, and as a result can perform this task much more efficiently than universal processors. This involves striking the optimum balance between universal architectures, such as microprocessors and graphics cards, and highly specialized architectures that are suitable for only one use case. Some products will also fall between these two extremes. The increased energy efficiency is then “purchased” through the effort and expense of developing exceptionally specially adapted architectures. It’s important to note that the more specialized an adapted architecture is, the smaller the market for it. That means the only way such architectures will be economically viable is if they can be developed efficiently. This calls for new approaches to derive these architectures directly from high-level hardware/software optimization, without the additional implementation steps that are still necessary today. In sum, the only way to make this approach possible is by using novel concepts and tools to generate circuits directly from a high-level description.

The post Efficient Electronics appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Generative AI (GenAI) burst onto the scene and into the public’s imagination with the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022. Users were amazed at the natural language processing chatbot’s ability to turn a short text prompt into coherent humanlike text including essays, language translations, and code examples. Technology companies – impressed with ChatGPT’s abilities – have started looking for ways to improve their own products or customer experiences with this innovative technology. Since the ‘cost’ of adding GenAI includes a significant jump in computational complexity and power requirements versus previous AI models, can this class of AI algorithms be applied to practical edge device applications where power, performance and cost are critical? It depends.

What is GenAI?

A simple definition of GenAI is ‘a class of machine learning algorithms that can produce various types of content including human like text and images.’ Early machine learning algorithms focused on detecting patterns in images, speech or text and then making predictions based on the data. For example, predicting the percentage likelihood that a certain image included a cat. GenAI algorithms take the next step – they perceive and learn patterns and then generate new patterns on demand by mimicking the original dataset. They generate a new image of a cat or describe a cat in detail.

While ChatGPT might be the most well-known GenAI algorithm, there are many available, with more being released on a regular basis. Two major types of GenAI algorithms are text-to-text generators – aka chatbots – like ChatGPT, GPT-4, and Llama2, and text-to-image generative model like DALLE-2, Stable Diffusion, and Midjourney. You can see example prompts and their returned outputs of these two types of GenAI models in figure 1. Because one is text based and one is image based, these two types of outputs will demand different resources from edge devices attempting to implement these algorithms.

Fig. 1: Example GenAI outputs from a text-to-image generator (DALLE-2) and a text-to-text generator (ChatGPT).

Edge device applications for Gen AI

Common GenAI use cases require connection to the internet and from there access to large server farms to compute the complex generative AI algorithms. However, for edge device applications, the entire dataset and neural processing engine must reside on the individual edge device. If the generative AI models can be run at the edge, there are potential use cases and benefits for applications in automobiles, cameras, smartphones, smart watches, virtual and augmented reality, IoT, and more.

Deploying GenAI on edge devices has significant advantages in scenarios where low latency, privacy or security concerns, or limited network connectivity are critical considerations.

Consider the possible application of GenAI in automotive applications. A vehicle is not always in range of a wireless signal, so GenAI needs to run with resources available on the edge. GenAI could be used for improving roadside assistance and converting a manual into an AI-enhanced interactive guide. In-car uses could include a GenAI-powered virtual voice assistant, improving the ability to set navigation, play music or send messages with your voice while driving. GenAI could also be used to personalize your in-cabin experience.

Other edge applications could benefit from generative AI. Augmented Reality (AR) edge devices could be enhanced by locally generating overlay computer-generated imagery and relying less heavily on cloud processing. While connected mobile devices can use generative AI for translation services, disconnected devices should be able to offer at least a portion of the same capabilities. Like our automotive example, voice assistant and interactive question-and-answer systems could benefit a range of edge devices.

While uses cases for GenAI at the edge exist now, implementations must overcome the challenges related to computational complexity and model size and limitations of power, area, and performance inherent in edge devices.

What technology is required to enable GenAI?

To understand GenAI’s architectural requirements, it is helpful to understand its building blocks. At the heart of GenAI’s rapid development are transformers, a relatively new type of neural network introduced in a Google Brain paper in 2017. Transformers have outperformed established AI models like Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for natural language processing and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for images, video or other two- or three-dimensional data. A significant architectural improvement of a transformer model is its attention mechanism. Transformers can pay more attention to specific words or pixels than legacy AI models, drawing better inferences from the data. This allows transformers to better learn contextual relationships between words in a text string compared to RNNs and to better learn and express complex relationships in images compared to CNNs.

Fig. 2: Parameter sizes for various machine learning algorithms.

GenAI models are pre-trained on vast amounts of data which allows them to better recognize and interpret human language or other types of complex data. The larger the datasets, the better the model can process human language, for instance. Compared to CNN or vision transformer machine learning models, GenAI algorithms have parameters – the pretrained weights or coefficients used in the neural network to identify patterns and create new ones – that are orders of magnitude larger. We can see in figure 2 that ResNet50 – a common CNN algorithm used for benchmarking – has 25 million parameters (or coefficients). Some transformers like BERT and Vision Transformer (ViT) have parameters in the hundreds of millions. While other transformers, like Mobile ViT, have been optimized to better fit in embedded and mobile applications. MobileViT is comparable to the CNN model MobileNet in parameters.

Compared to CNN and vision transformers, ChatGPT requires 175 billion parameters and GPT-4 requires 1.75 trillion parameters. Even GPUs implemented in server farms struggle to execute these high-end large language models. How could an embedded neural processing unit (NPU) hope to complete so many parameters given the limited memory resources of edge devices? The answer is they cannot. However, there is a trend toward making GenAI more accessible in edge device applications, which have more limited computation resources. Some LLM models are tuned to reduce the resource requirements for a reduced parameter set. For example, Llama-2 offers a 70 billion parameter version of their model, but they also have created smaller models with fewer parameters. Llama-2 with seven billion parameters is still large, but it is within reach of a practical embedded NPU implementation.

There is no hard threshold for generative AI running on the edge, however, text-to-image generators like Stable Diffusion with one billion parameters can run comfortably on an NPU. And the expectation is for edge devices to run LLMs up to six to seven billion parameters. MLCommons have added GPT-J, a six billion parameter GenAI model, to their MLPerf edge AI benchmark list.

Running GenAI on the edge

GenAI algorithms require a significant amount of data movement and computation complexity (with transformer support). The balance of those two requirements can determine whether a given architecture is compute-bound – not enough multiplications for the data available – or memory bound – not enough memory and/or bandwidth for all the multiplications required for processing. Text-to-image has a better mix of compute and bandwidth requirements – more computations needed for processing two dimensional images and fewer parameters (in the one billion range). Large language models are more lopsided. There is less compute required, but a significantly large amount of data movement. Even the smaller (6-7B parameter) LLMs are memory bound.

The obvious solution is to choose the fastest memory interface available. From figure 3, you can see that a typically memory used in edge devices, LPDDR5, has a bandwidth of 51 Gbps, while HBM2E can support up to 461 Gbps. This does not, however, take into consideration the power-down benefits of LPDDR memory over HBM. While HBM interfaces are often used in high-end server-type AI implementations, LPDDR is almost exclusively used in power sensitive applications because of its power down abilities.

Fig. 3: The bandwidth and power difference between LPDDR and HBM.

Using LPDDR memory interfaces will automatically limit the maximum data bandwidth achievable with an HBM memory interface. That means edge applications will automatically have less bandwidth for GenAI algorithms than an NPU or GPU used in a server application. One way to address bandwidth limitations is to increase the amount of on-chip L2 memory. However, this impacts area and, therefore, silicon cost. While embedded NPUs often implement hardware and software to reduce bandwidth, it will not allow an LPDDR to approach HBM bandwidths. The embedded AI engine will be limited to the amount of LPDDR bandwidth available.

Implementation of GenAI on an NPX6 NPU IP

The Synopsys ARC NPX6 NPU IP family is based on a sixth-generation neural network architecture designed to support a range of machine learning models including CNNs and transformers. The NPX6 family is scalable with a configurable number of cores, each with its own independent matrix multiplication engine, generic tensor accelerator (GTA), and dedicated direct memory access (DMA) units for streamlined data processing. The NPX6 can scale for applications requiring less than one TOPS of performance to those requiring thousands of TOPS using the same development tools to maximize software reuse.

The matrix multiplication engine, GTA and DMA have all been optimized for supporting transformers, which allow the ARC NPX6 to support GenAI algorithms. Each core’s GTA is expressly designed and optimized to efficiently perform nonlinear functions, such as ReLU, GELU, sigmoid. These are implemented using a flexible lookup table approach to anticipate future nonlinear functions. The GTA also supports other critical operations, including SoftMax and L2 normalization needed in transformers. Complementing this, the matrix multiplication engine within each core can perform 4,096 multiplications per cycle. Because GenAI is based on transformers, there are no computation limitations for running GenAI on the NPX6 processor.

Efficient NPU design for transformer-based models like GenAI requires complex multi-level memory management. The ARC NPX6 processor has a flexible memory hierarchy and can support a scalable L2 memory up to 64MB of on chip SRAM. Furthermore, each NPX6 core is equipped with independent DMAs dedicated to the tasks of fetching feature maps and coefficients and writing new feature maps. This segregation of tasks allows for an efficient, pipelined data flow that minimizes bottlenecks and maximizes the processing throughput. The family also has a range of bandwidth reduction techniques in hardware and software to maximize bandwidth.

In an embedded GenAI application, the ARC NPX6 family will only be limited by the LPDDR available in the system. The NPX6 successfully runs Stable Diffusion (text-to-image) and Llama-2 7B (text-to-text) GenAI algorithms with efficiency dependent on system bandwidth and the use of on-chip SRAM. While larger GenAI models could run on the NPX6, they will be slower – measured in tokens per second – than server implementations. Learn more at www.synopsys.com/npx

The post How To Successfully Deploy GenAI On Edge Devices appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Power management has received increasing focus in microelectronic systems as the need for greater power density, efficiency and precision have grown apace. One of the important ongoing trends in service of these needs has been the move to localizing power delivery. To optimize system power, it’s best to deliver as high a voltage as possible to the endpoint where the power is consumed. Then at the endpoint, that incoming high voltage can be regulated into the lower voltages with higher currents required by the endpoint components.

We saw this same trend play out in the architecting of the DDR5 generation of computer main memory. In planning for DDR5, the industry laid out ambitious goals for memory bandwidth and capacity. Concurrently, the aim was to maintain power within the same envelope as DDR4 on a per module basis. In order to achieve these goals, DDR5 required a smarter DIMM architecture; one that would embed more intelligence in the DIMM and increase its power efficiency. One of the biggest architectural changes of this smarter DIMM architecture was moving power management from the motherboard to an on-module Power Management IC (PMIC) on each DDR5 RDIMM.

In previous DDR generations, the power regulator on the motherboard had to deliver a low voltage at high current across the motherboard, through a connector and then onto the DIMM. As supply voltages were reduced over time (to maintain power levels at higher data rates), it was a growing challenge to maintain the desired voltage level because of IR drop. By implementing a PMIC on the DDR5 RDIMM, the problem with IR drop was essentially eliminated.

In addition, the on-DIMM PMIC allows for very fine-grain control of the voltage levels supplied to the various components on the DIMM. As such, DIMM suppliers can really dial in the best power levels for the performance target of a particular DIMM configuration. On-DIMM PMICs also offered an economic benefit. Power management on the motherboard meant the regulator had to be designed to support a system with fully populated DIMMs. On-DIMM PMICs means only paying for the power management capacity you need to support your specific system memory configuration.

The upshot is that power management has become a major enabler of increasing memory performance. Advancing memory performance has been the mission of Rambus for nearly 35 years. We’re intimate with memory subsystem design on modules, with expertise across many critical enabling technologies, and have demonstrated the disciplines required to successfully develop chips for the challenging module environment with its increased power density, space constraints and complex thermal management challenges.

As part of the development of our DDR5 memory interface chipset, Rambus built a world-class power management team and has now introduced a new family of DDR5 server PMICs. This new server PMIC product family lays the foundation for a roadmap of future power management chips. As AI continues to expand from training to inference, increasing demands on memory performance will extend beyond servers to client systems and drive the need for new PMIC solutions tailored for emerging use cases and form factors across the computing landscape.

Resources:

• DDR5 server memory interface chipset
• DDR5 server power management ICs
• White Paper: Data Center Evolution: DDR5 DIMMs Advance Server Performance

The post DDR5 PMICs Enable Smarter, Power-Efficient Memory Modules appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

Gone are the days of expensive tapeouts only done by commercial companies. Thanks to Tiny Tapeout, students, hobbyists, and more can design a simple ASIC or PCB design and actually send it to a foundry for a small fraction of the usual cost. Learners from all walks of life can use the resources to learn how to design a chip, without signing an NDA or installing licenses, faster than ever before. Whether you’re a digital, analog, or mixed-signal designer, there’s support for you.

We’re excited to support our academic network in participating in this initiative to gain more hands-on experience that will prepare them for a career in the semiconductor industry. We have professors incorporating it into the classroom, giving students the exciting opportunity to take their ideas from concept to reality.

“It gives people this joy when we design the chip in class. The 50 students that took the class last year, they designed a chip and Google funded it, and every time they got their design on the chip, their eyes got really big. I love being able to help students do that, and I want to do that all over the country,” said Matt Morrison, associate teaching professor in computer science and engineering, University of Notre Dame.

We also advise and encourage extracurricular design teams to challenge themselves outside the classroom. We partner with multiple design teams focused on creating an environment for students to explore the design flow process from RTL-to-GDS, and Tiny Tapeout provides an avenue for them.

“Just last year, SiliconJackets was founded by Zachary Ellis and me as a Georgia Tech club that takes ideas to SoC tapeout. Today, I am excited to share that we submitted the club’s first-ever design to Tiny Tapeout 6. This would not have been possible without the help from our advisors, and industry partners at Apple and Cadence,” said Nealson Li, SiliconJackets vice president and co-founder.

Tiny Tapeout also creates a culture of knowledge sharing, allowing participants to share their designs online, collaborate with one another, and build off an existing design. This creates a unique opportunity to learn from others’ experiences, enabling faster learning and more exposure.

“One of my favorite things about this project is that you’re not only going to get your design, but everybody else’s as well. You’ll be able to look through the chips’ data sheet and try out someone else’s design. In our previous runs, we’ve seen some really interesting designs, including RISC-V CPUs, FPGAs, ring oscillators, synthesizers, USB devices, and loads more,” said Matt Venn, science & technology communicator and electronic engineer.

Tiny Tapeout is on its seventh run, launched on April 22, 2024, and will remain open until June 1, 2024, or until all the slots fill up! With each run, more unique designs are created, more knowledge is shared, and more of the future workforce is developed. Check out the designs that were just submitted for Tiny Tapeout 6.

What can you expect when you participate?

• Access to training materials

• Ability to create your own design using one of the templates

• Support from the FAQs or Tiny Tapeout community

Interested in learning more? Check out their webpage. Want to use Cadence tools for your design? Check out our University Program and what tools students can access for free. We can’t wait to see what you come up with and how it’ll help you launch a career in the electronics industry!

The post How Quickly Can You Take Your Idea To Chip Design? appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

One of the joys of the original Final Fantasy VII is unlocking everyone’s limit breaks and finding all of their weapons. But one character needs to gather all of her best stuff before she departs the party for good, that being our beloved flower girl, Aerith (or Aeris, as we’re talking about the original game here).

Read more...

The laptop buzzword of 2024 is "AI PC" — notebooks that have neural processing units (NPUs) for AI-related tasks. But while it's smart to be aware of those systems, there are far more important things to consider beyond AI-savviness. It turns out buying a computer in 2024 isn't really that much different than in recent years: You'll still want to find a system that balances power, weight and screen size with your computing needs.

Out of the 14 notebooks we've reviewed in 2024, we consider Apple's 13-inch MacBook Air M3 to be the best laptop for most people. It's powerful enough to handle most tasks (even light video editing); it has a great screen and built-in speakers; and its battery could last around 20 hours (depending on what you're doing, of course). The MacBook Air M3 is also one of the lightest and thinnest systems we've reviewed, and it's dead silent, thanks to a fanless design.

As for Windows laptops and Chromebooks, the recommendations are a bit more nuanced and varied. While the aforementioned AI features may dominate the news, the more traditional choices – between Intel and AMD CPUs, and whether or not you want a dedicated graphics chip, or GPU – still stand. And unlike Macs, your options include systems with touchscreens, 2-in-1 convertible tablets and more. To that end, we have plenty of recently tested and recommended models from brands including HP, Dell, ASUS and more in this guide.

Table of contents

• Best laptop for 2024: Apple 13-inch MacBook Air M3

• Best Windows laptop: Dell XPS 13

• Best gaming laptop: ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14

• Best Chromebook: Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 5

• Best budget laptop: HP Pavilion Aero

• Best high-end laptop: Apple MacBook Pro M3

• Best convertible laptop: HP Spectre x360 14

• How we test laptops

• What to consider before buying a laptop

• Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

• FAQs

• Best laptops compared

How we test laptops

Engadget has been reviewing laptops for two decades, and while the definition of what a portable PC is has changed considerably since, our obsession with testing their limits and serving up informative buying advice remains the same. Be it a hybrid tablet like Microsoft's Surface machines, a rotating 2-in-1 convertible like HP's Spectre x360s or a plain old clamshell notebook, our review process follows similar beats. How does it look and feel? How fast is it? Whether it’s a Windows device, a MacBook or a Chromebook, we aim to answer the most important question: Is it actually worth your hard-earned cash?

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a new laptop these days, depending on the configuration. If you're looking for more of a workhorse, that could cost you well over $2,000 for additional RAM, storage, as well as a beefier GPU and CPU. But you can also find some good deals under $1,000 if you're willing to overlook build quality (or buy a refurbished or previous generation machine, which we highly recommend). Systems with AMD chips tend to come in cheaper than their Intel counterparts, but the bulk of their cost will come down to other components like RAM and storage.

I’ve included our favorite affordable model in this best laptop buying guide, but we have a list of the best budget laptops that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

There's a good chance you've already committed to an operating system, but my advice is to be as flexible as possible. These days, most major software is compatible with both Macs and PCs. (Of course, it's another story if you've become dependent on an Apple-only app like Final Cut Pro.) Web-based apps, naturally, will work on any platform with an internet browser.

If you're an Apple-loyalist, there aren't many reasons to consider Windows laptops (unless you want a secondary gaming machine). But for Windows users, macOS is becoming more tempting every year. Apple's MacBooks, powered by its M-series Silicon chips, are among the fastest and most efficient laptops we've ever seen. They're incredibly well-built and have tremendous battery life to boot. MacOS itself is also an easy platform to learn, especially if you're used to iOS and iPadOS.

That brings up another point: iPhone users may want to consider Macs because of the seamless integration with Apple's other platforms. You can't respond to iMessage conversations easily or hop into FaceTime chats on Windows PCs, but doing so is simple on Macs. (Microsoft's Phone Link app lets you send iOS users individual texts, but not media or group chats.) Android users, meanwhile, may be better off with Windows, as Phone Link can make calls, synchronize all your texts and also access your phone's photos.

As for whether you’ll want a PC with a dedicated Copilot AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

And what about ChromeOS? Chromebooks are a smart and (typically) inexpensive way to browse the web and hop on a few video chats, but they're not the best choice as your primary computer. There aren't many apps or games that work offline, and they also don't work with powerful software suites like Adobe's (you can use the stripped-down Adobe Express and Photoshop online tools, though). Chromebooks are great secondary machines to use alongside a more powerful Mac or PC, and they're popular in schools because they're cheap and easy for IT workers to manage. And if all you need is web access, or a notebook for a kid, a Chromebook might be enough.

Connectivity

These days, most laptops ship with a few USB-C ports, which can handle both charging and speedy data transfers. Apple's MacBooks also include a separate connection for MagSafe power, and you'll find custom power connections on some PCs like Microsoft's Surface. Older USB Type-A connections are less common now, but they still pop up in systems like HP's Spectre x360 14, as well as many models from ASUS.

If you're a fan of wired headphones, it's worth keeping a close eye on headphone jack availability. Many ultra-slim laptops, like Dell's XPS 13, don’t have the 3.5mm socket entirely. They usually include a USB-C to 3.5mm adapter, but that's a clunky solution, and it also takes up a USB port. Sure, most people use wireless earbuds and cans today, but it's still helpful to have a wired one around for when those devices run out of juice.

Most laptops in 2024 offer Wi-Fi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While Wi-Fi 7 routers have started appearing, that spec hasn't made its way into laptops yet. As for cellular coverage, there are notebooks like the Surface Pro 9 and Samsung Galaxy Book models that offer integrated 5G. But from our testing, that feature may not be worth the cost of a separate data plan. Instead, you could tether to your smartphone or invest in a wireless hotspot that can keep multiple devices online.

Display size and weight

So how portable do you want your laptop to be? That's the ultimate question you need to ask when choosing between various screen sizes. 13-inch machines have become a solid starting point for most shoppers — it's enough real estate for the majority of tasks like emailing and writing, and it also helps keep machines relatively light (typically between two to three pounds). Thanks to manufacturing advancements, these dainty machines sometimes even come with larger screens (the smaller MacBook Air actually has a 13.6-inch display).

If you have trouble seeing fine text, we’d recommend going for a display larger than 13 inches. ASUS’s Zephyrus G14 is a solid 14-inch option for gamers, and we’re also seeing more productivity-focused machines aim for that size, like the XPS 14 and MacBook Pro. While 14-inch notebooks are a bit heavier than 13-inch models, coming in between three to four pounds, their screens are noticeably roomier.

For artists, or anyone else who needs a large canvas, a 15-inch laptop may make the most sense. They typically weigh between 3.5 and 4.5 pounds, but that extra heft may be worth it to fit wider video editing timelines or Photoshop windows. And, as you'd expect, you'll also pay a bit more for a 15-inch notebook compared to smaller ones (the 15-inch MacBook Air starts at $1,299, while the smaller model goes for $999). PC makers are also replacing 15-inch systems with 16-inch versions, which will give you even more space to work.

You can still find laptops with 17-inch or 18-inch screens, but those are typically gaming systems or souped-up workstations. They're not meant for mere computing mortals.

Battery life

A laptop's battery life depends on several factors: The power draw from the screen and other hardware, the optimizations used to avoid unnecessary power drain, and, of course, the size of the actual battery. One of our favorite systems, the Dell XPS 13, lasted 13 hours and 15 minutes in the PCMark 10 battery benchmark. In real-world testing, I was able to use it for a day and a half without needing a recharge. The MacBook Air 13-inch, meanwhile, lasted 20 hours in our benchmark and kept running for more than two work days of my typical workflow. In general, you should expect a modern laptop to last at least eight hours.

If battery life is your absolute priority, I'd strongly suggest looking at Macs over Windows PCs. Apple's M-series chips are essentially mobile hardware, with all of the power efficiency you'd expect from something originally designed for phones. Qualcomm’s upcoming Snapdragon chips could help Windows PCs compete with Apple’s astonishing battery life, but we’ve yet to see those in action. Chromebooks also typically get decent battery life (as long as you don’t overstuff them with power-draining tabs).

Refresh rate

A laptop's refresh rate refers to the amount of times its screen is cycled every second. Modern displays like LCDs and OLEDs support 60Hz refresh rates at a minimum, but we're seeing more devices offering 120Hz, 240Hz and beyond. The higher the number, the faster the screen is refreshed, which ultimately leads to a smoother experience while mousing around or scrolling through web pages. (If you want to get a sense of what a slow refresh rate looks like, just grab an e-reader like the Kindle and try to flip between book pages.)

While high refresh rates used to be reserved for gaming laptops, nowadays we're seeing more mainstream machines like the XPS 13 offer 120Hz (or variable rates that move between 60Hz and 120Hz). If there's one knock against the MacBook Air, it's that it's still stuck at 60Hz.

CPU

If you’re buying a new laptop, you’ll want to make sure it’s got the latest CPUs. For Windows PCs, that’s either Intel’s Core Ultra chips for thin-and-light machines or the 14th-gen HX chips for beefier systems. The Core Ultra series have NPUs for handling AI tasks, while the HX hardware does not – they’re based on Intel’s previous chip architecture, and they’re more focused on delivering raw horsepower. Intel's older 13th-gen and 12th-gen laptop chips also don't have NPUs, so keep that in mind if you're looking at used systems.

You'll also see AMD's Ryzen 8000 chips in plenty of new systems like the ASUS Zephyrus G14 and Razer Blade 14. Those CPUs mainly target gaming laptops and high performance systems, while you'll still find AMD"s older Ryzen 7000 chips in ultraportables. AMD's main advantage is that its chips also include Radeon graphics, which are far more capable than Intel's Arc hardware (though those are getting better).

As for Apple's laptops, you'll be choosing between the M3, M3 Pro and M3 Ultra, each of which is progressively more powerful. Apple is also keeping its older M2 chip around for the $999 MacBook Air, which is still a solid performer for the price.

GPU

A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is the component that communicates directly with a laptop's display. Laptop CPUs all have some form of integrated GPU: Intel has either its standard graphics or beefier Arc hardware, while AMD's chips include fast Radeon mobile graphics. If you want to play demanding games or need some extra power for rendering video or 3D models, you can configure a laptop with a dedicated GPU like NVIDIA's RTX 40-series hardware or AMD's Radeon RX 7000. Just be sure to leave room in your budget if you want a powerful GPU, as they typically add $300 or more to the cost of a laptop.

Apple's M-series chips, meanwhile, have GPU cores that can perform as well as NVIDIA’s and AMD's lower-end dedicated GPUs. That's quite the accomplishment for systems like this (especially the MacBook Air and 14-inch MacBook Pro), and it's another reason we highly recommend Apple's notebooks.

AI PCs and NPUs

We knew 2024 was going to be an intriguing year for notebooks based on Intel and AMD's latest chips. Intel unveiled its "Core Ultra" CPUs in December, its first to include an NPU for AI work. AMD also announced its Ryzen 8040 AI mobile chips that month (and it couldn't help but say they were faster than Intel's new hardware). At the moment, NPUs in laptops unlock MIcrosoft's Windows Studio Effects during video chats, and can also power some editing tools from Adobe and other companies.

While those capabilities aren't exactly Earth-shattering, it might be worth investing in an NPU-equipped system now so you're ready for future AI-driven features. For example, Microsoft will reportedly let its Copilot AI run locally on PCs with NPUs, which would be dramatically faster than sending all of its queries to the cloud. There's also been plenty of buzz around Qualcomm's upcoming Snapdragon laptop chips, which could potentially be just as fast as Apple's M-series processors.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

Apple 15-inch MacBook Air M3

This Apple laptop is just a larger version of the 13-inch M3 MacBook Air. It's still quite portable at 3.3 pounds, and some will appreciating having just a tad more screen real estate all the time. Configuration options are the same as well; you can spec out the 15-inch Air with up to 24GB of RAM and 2TB of storage. But considering it starts off $200 more than the smaller model, it's primarily best for those who absolutely need a larger screen and are willing to pay for it.

ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED

Aside from its lovely OLED screen, the ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED doesn't stand out from the crowded laptop field in any way. It just looks dull and boring, especially compared to the strikingly beautiful ASUS Zephyrus G14, which also came out this year. While you can probably find the ZenBook 14 for a decent price, I'd recommend holding out for something with a bit more personality (and with a less wobbly screen hinge).

Razer Blade 14

The Razer Blade has almost everything you'd want in a 14-inch gaming notebook, but it's far pricier than the Zephyrus G14 on this list, and it doesn’t even have an SD card reader. It would be a solid competitor once its price falls a bit, and it's certainly a great option if you just have to have a jet-black laptop.

Framework Laptop 16

Framework gave its modularity magic to the Laptop 16, delivering a gaming notebook where almost every single component is user replaceable. But you'll have to pay a pretty penny to snag it with upgraded hardware, and its optional Radeon 7700S GPU was surprisingly slow.

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

It’s hard to come up with an average battery life for laptops, since that will ultimately depend on what you’re doing with them. An ultraportable like the MacBook Air that sips power can last around 20 hours in our battery benchmark, and around two full work days of real-world usage. But a gaming laptop may last only a few hours if you’re actively playing something while on battery. At this point, Macs are delivering far better battery life than PCs, thanks to Apple’s Silicon chips.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. You’ll typically find configurations between 256GB and 1TB SSDs (solid state drives) on most laptops, and I’d recommend most people get at least 512GB. That’ll be enough space for large apps, music and video files without stressing your system too much. If you’re a media hoarder, or want to play a ton of games, then it’s definitely worth getting a 1TB SSD.

If you’ll mainly be streaming your shows and music, and would rather invest in RAM or other hardware, then 256GB of storage would be serviceable. I’d recommend staying away from any machine with 128GB of storage though. Most of that will be taken up by the operating system, and you’ll likely run into issues cramming in large apps after a few months.

We recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD for backing up your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since ChromeOS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on the device.

What's a good price range for a decent laptop in 2024?

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a typical 13-inch laptop today. As I explained above, you'll pay more if you want to stuff in more RAM or GPU hardware. But you can also find deals below $1,000 if you look for refurbished or older-generation models.

What’s the difference between macOS and Windows? Which is better?

Simply put, macOS is the operating system powering all of Apple's notebooks and desktops, while Windows powers the vast majority of PCs. You'll also find Chromebooks running Google's ChromeOS, but those are basically just web browsers running on top of Linux.

Debating the differences between Windows and Macs is something PC nerds have been doing since the '80s, so we won't be declaring a winner here. There are some small, negligible distinctions, like using a Command versus a Control key, how file explorers work and concerns about viruses and security. For the most part, those are minor issues or have become moot thanks to better built-in security.

But if you care more about playing the newest games, you'll want to have a Windows system. If you're more focused on creative apps, like Photoshop, Premiere and Final Cut Pro, then macOS may be a better fit (especially if you're running an iPhone).

What are the best laptop brands?

There is no single "best" laptop brand, but judging from this guide alone, we're generally impressed by notebooks from Apple, Dell and ASUS. They all produce fast, reliable and sturdy machines. HP also makes some eye-catching devices if you want an option that’s the most aesthetic. Those four brands, along with Lenovo and Acer, dominate laptop sales worldwide. We'd avoid systems from any retail store brands, or companies that don't have a major presence in the US.

Best laptops compared

On-chip microcapacitors

Scientists from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California Berkeley developed microcapacitors with ultrahigh energy and power density that could be used for on-chip energy storage.

The microcapacitors were made with thin films of hafnium oxide (HfO₂) and zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) engineered to achieve a negative capacitance effect, which increased overall capacitance and enabled it to store greater amounts of charge.

“We’ve shown that it’s possible to store a lot of energy in microcapacitors made from engineered thin films, much more than what is possible with ordinary dielectrics,” said Sayeef Salahuddin, a Berkeley Lab faculty senior scientist and UC Berkeley professor, in a release. “What’s more, we’re doing this with a material that can be processed directly on top of microprocessors.”

The films were grown with atomic layer deposition. The ratio of HfO₂ and ZrO₂ leads the films to be either ferroelectric or antiferroelectric. Balancing the composition at the tipping point between the two gives rise to the negative capacitance effect where the material can be very easily polarized by even a small electric field.

By interspersing atomically thin layers of aluminum oxide after every few layers of HfO₂-ZrO₂, they could grow the films up to 100 nm thick and integrate them into 3D trench capacitor structures. The researchers claim the microcapacitor shows 9x higher energy density and 170x higher power density compared to today’s electrostatic capacitors. They are working on scaling up the technology and integrating it into full-size microchips. [1]

Deformable micro-supercapacitor

Researchers from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) built a micro-supercapacitor (MSC) capable of stretching, twisting, folding, and wrinkling.

The team used laser ablation for fine patterning of both eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (EGaIn) and graphene layers on a stretchable polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-co-butylene)-block-polystyrene copolymer (SEBS) substrate.

The MSC retailed its areal capacitance after stretching up to 1,000 cycles and operated stably while being mechanically deformed. [2]

Oriented 2D nanofillers

Researchers from the University of Houston, Jackson State University, and Howard University have developed a flexible high-energy-density capacitor created using layered polymers with mechanically exfoliated flakes of 2D materials as nanofillers.

By arranging materials like mica and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in specific layers, they created a thin sandwich-like structure with higher energy density and efficiency than capacitors with randomly blended-in nanofillers.

“Our work demonstrates the development of high energy and high-power density capacitors by blocking electrical breakdown pathways in polymeric materials using the oriented 2D nanofillers,” said Maninderjeet Singh, a University of Houston chemical engineering PhD graduate and now a postdoctoral research scientist at Columbia University, in a release. “We achieved an ultra-high energy density of approximately 75 J/cm³, the highest reported for a polymeric dielectric capacitor to date.” [3]

References

[1] Cheema, S.S., Shanker, N., Hsu, SL. et al. Giant energy storage and power density negative capacitance superlattices. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07365-5

[2] Kim, KW., Park, S.J., Park, SJ. et al. Deformable micro-supercapacitor fabricated via laser ablation patterning of Graphene/liquid metal. npj Flex Electron 8, 18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-024-00306-2

[3] Singh, M., Das, P., Samanta, P. N., et al. Ultrahigh Capacitive Energy Density in Stratified 2D Nanofiller-Based Polymer Dielectric Films. ACS Nano 2023 17 (20), 20262-20272. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c06249

The post Research Bits: May 13 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

New technical papers added to Semiconductor Engineering’s library this week.

More Reading
Technical Paper Library home

The post Chip Industry Technical Paper Roundup: May 13 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.

The laptop buzzword of 2024 is "AI PC" — notebooks that have neural processing units (NPUs) for AI-related tasks. But while it's smart to be aware of those systems, there are far more important things to consider beyond AI-savviness. It turns out buying a computer in 2024 isn't really that much different than in recent years: You'll still want to find a system that balances power, weight and screen size with your computing needs.

Out of the 14 notebooks we've reviewed in 2024, we consider Apple's 13-inch MacBook Air M3 to be the best laptop for most people. It's powerful enough to handle most tasks (even light video editing); it has a great screen and built-in speakers; and its battery could last around 20 hours (depending on what you're doing, of course). The MacBook Air M3 is also one of the lightest and thinnest systems we've reviewed, and it's dead silent, thanks to a fanless design.

As for Windows laptops and Chromebooks, the recommendations are a bit more nuanced and varied. While the aforementioned AI features may dominate the news, the more traditional choices – between Intel and AMD CPUs, and whether or not you want a dedicated graphics chip, or GPU – still stand. And unlike Macs, your options include systems with touchscreens, 2-in-1 convertible tablets and more. To that end, we have plenty of recently tested and recommended models from brands including HP, Dell, ASUS and more in this guide.

Table of contents

• Best laptop for 2024: Apple 13-inch MacBook Air M3

• Best Windows laptop: Dell XPS 13

• Best gaming laptop: ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14

• Best Chromebook: Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 5

• Best budget laptop: HP Pavilion Aero

• Best high-end laptop: Apple MacBook Pro M3

• Best convertible laptop: HP Spectre x360 14

• How we test laptops

• What to consider before buying a laptop

• Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

• FAQs

• Best laptops compared

How we test laptops

Engadget has been reviewing laptops for two decades, and while the definition of what a portable PC is has changed considerably since, our obsession with testing their limits and serving up informative buying advice remains the same. Be it a hybrid tablet like Microsoft's Surface machines, a rotating 2-in-1 convertible like HP's Spectre x360s or a plain old clamshell notebook, our review process follows similar beats. How does it look and feel? How fast is it? Whether it’s a Windows device, a MacBook or a Chromebook, we aim to answer the most important question: Is it actually worth your hard-earned cash?

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a new laptop these days, depending on the configuration. If you're looking for more of a workhorse, that could cost you well over $2,000 for additional RAM, storage, as well as a beefier GPU and CPU. But you can also find some good deals under $1,000 if you're willing to overlook build quality (or buy a refurbished or previous generation machine, which we highly recommend). Systems with AMD chips tend to come in cheaper than their Intel counterparts, but the bulk of their cost will come down to other components like RAM and storage.

I’ve included our favorite affordable model in this best laptop buying guide, but we have a list of the best budget laptops that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

There's a good chance you've already committed to an operating system, but my advice is to be as flexible as possible. These days, most major software is compatible with both Macs and PCs. (Of course, it's another story if you've become dependent on an Apple-only app like Final Cut Pro.) Web-based apps, naturally, will work on any platform with an internet browser.

If you're an Apple-loyalist, there aren't many reasons to consider Windows laptops (unless you want a secondary gaming machine). But for Windows users, macOS is becoming more tempting every year. Apple's MacBooks, powered by its M-series Silicon chips, are among the fastest and most efficient laptops we've ever seen. They're incredibly well-built and have tremendous battery life to boot. MacOS itself is also an easy platform to learn, especially if you're used to iOS and iPadOS.

That brings up another point: iPhone users may want to consider Macs because of the seamless integration with Apple's other platforms. You can't respond to iMessage conversations easily or hop into FaceTime chats on Windows PCs, but doing so is simple on Macs. (Microsoft's Phone Link app lets you send iOS users individual texts, but not media or group chats.) Android users, meanwhile, may be better off with Windows, as Phone Link can make calls, synchronize all your texts and also access your phone's photos.

As for whether you’ll want a PC with a dedicated Copilot AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

And what about ChromeOS? Chromebooks are a smart and (typically) inexpensive way to browse the web and hop on a few video chats, but they're not the best choice as your primary computer. There aren't many apps or games that work offline, and they also don't work with powerful software suites like Adobe's (you can use the stripped-down Adobe Express and Photoshop online tools, though). Chromebooks are great secondary machines to use alongside a more powerful Mac or PC, and they're popular in schools because they're cheap and easy for IT workers to manage. And if all you need is web access, or a notebook for a kid, a Chromebook might be enough.

Connectivity

These days, most laptops ship with a few USB-C ports, which can handle both charging and speedy data transfers. Apple's MacBooks also include a separate connection for MagSafe power, and you'll find custom power connections on some PCs like Microsoft's Surface. Older USB Type-A connections are less common now, but they still pop up in systems like HP's Spectre x360 14, as well as many models from ASUS.

If you're a fan of wired headphones, it's worth keeping a close eye on headphone jack availability. Many ultra-slim laptops, like Dell's XPS 13, don’t have the 3.5mm socket entirely. They usually include a USB-C to 3.5mm adapter, but that's a clunky solution, and it also takes up a USB port. Sure, most people use wireless earbuds and cans today, but it's still helpful to have a wired one around for when those devices run out of juice.

Most laptops in 2024 offer Wi-Fi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While Wi-Fi 7 routers have started appearing, that spec hasn't made its way into laptops yet. As for cellular coverage, there are notebooks like the Surface Pro 9 and Samsung Galaxy Book models that offer integrated 5G. But from our testing, that feature may not be worth the cost of a separate data plan. Instead, you could tether to your smartphone or invest in a wireless hotspot that can keep multiple devices online.

Display size and weight

So how portable do you want your laptop to be? That's the ultimate question you need to ask when choosing between various screen sizes. 13-inch machines have become a solid starting point for most shoppers — it's enough real estate for the majority of tasks like emailing and writing, and it also helps keep machines relatively light (typically between two to three pounds). Thanks to manufacturing advancements, these dainty machines sometimes even come with larger screens (the smaller MacBook Air actually has a 13.6-inch display).

If you have trouble seeing fine text, we’d recommend going for a display larger than 13 inches. ASUS’s Zephyrus G14 is a solid 14-inch option for gamers, and we’re also seeing more productivity-focused machines aim for that size, like the XPS 14 and MacBook Pro. While 14-inch notebooks are a bit heavier than 13-inch models, coming in between three to four pounds, their screens are noticeably roomier.

For artists, or anyone else who needs a large canvas, a 15-inch laptop may make the most sense. They typically weigh between 3.5 and 4.5 pounds, but that extra heft may be worth it to fit wider video editing timelines or Photoshop windows. And, as you'd expect, you'll also pay a bit more for a 15-inch notebook compared to smaller ones (the 15-inch MacBook Air starts at $1,299, while the smaller model goes for $999). PC makers are also replacing 15-inch systems with 16-inch versions, which will give you even more space to work.

You can still find laptops with 17-inch or 18-inch screens, but those are typically gaming systems or souped-up workstations. They're not meant for mere computing mortals.

Battery life

A laptop's battery life depends on several factors: The power draw from the screen and other hardware, the optimizations used to avoid unnecessary power drain, and, of course, the size of the actual battery. One of our favorite systems, the Dell XPS 13, lasted 13 hours and 15 minutes in the PCMark 10 battery benchmark. In real-world testing, I was able to use it for a day and a half without needing a recharge. The MacBook Air 13-inch, meanwhile, lasted 20 hours in our benchmark and kept running for more than two work days of my typical workflow. In general, you should expect a modern laptop to last at least eight hours.

If battery life is your absolute priority, I'd strongly suggest looking at Macs over Windows PCs. Apple's M-series chips are essentially mobile hardware, with all of the power efficiency you'd expect from something originally designed for phones. Qualcomm’s upcoming Snapdragon chips could help Windows PCs compete with Apple’s astonishing battery life, but we’ve yet to see those in action. Chromebooks also typically get decent battery life (as long as you don’t overstuff them with power-draining tabs).

Refresh rate

A laptop's refresh rate refers to the amount of times its screen is cycled every second. Modern displays like LCDs and OLEDs support 60Hz refresh rates at a minimum, but we're seeing more devices offering 120Hz, 240Hz and beyond. The higher the number, the faster the screen is refreshed, which ultimately leads to a smoother experience while mousing around or scrolling through web pages. (If you want to get a sense of what a slow refresh rate looks like, just grab an e-reader like the Kindle and try to flip between book pages.)

While high refresh rates used to be reserved for gaming laptops, nowadays we're seeing more mainstream machines like the XPS 13 offer 120Hz (or variable rates that move between 60Hz and 120Hz). If there's one knock against the MacBook Air, it's that it's still stuck at 60Hz.

CPU

If you’re buying a new laptop, you’ll want to make sure it’s got the latest CPUs. For Windows PCs, that’s either Intel’s Core Ultra chips for thin-and-light machines or the 14th-gen HX chips for beefier systems. The Core Ultra series have NPUs for handling AI tasks, while the HX hardware does not – they’re based on Intel’s previous chip architecture, and they’re more focused on delivering raw horsepower. Intel's older 13th-gen and 12th-gen laptop chips also don't have NPUs, so keep that in mind if you're looking at used systems.

You'll also see AMD's Ryzen 8000 chips in plenty of new systems like the ASUS Zephyrus G14 and Razer Blade 14. Those CPUs mainly target gaming laptops and high performance systems, while you'll still find AMD"s older Ryzen 7000 chips in ultraportables. AMD's main advantage is that its chips also include Radeon graphics, which are far more capable than Intel's Arc hardware (though those are getting better).

As for Apple's laptops, you'll be choosing between the M3, M3 Pro and M3 Ultra, each of which is progressively more powerful. Apple is also keeping its older M2 chip around for the $999 MacBook Air, which is still a solid performer for the price.

GPU

A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is the component that communicates directly with a laptop's display. Laptop CPUs all have some form of integrated GPU: Intel has either its standard graphics or beefier Arc hardware, while AMD's chips include fast Radeon mobile graphics. If you want to play demanding games or need some extra power for rendering video or 3D models, you can configure a laptop with a dedicated GPU like NVIDIA's RTX 40-series hardware or AMD's Radeon RX 7000. Just be sure to leave room in your budget if you want a powerful GPU, as they typically add $300 or more to the cost of a laptop.

Apple's M-series chips, meanwhile, have GPU cores that can perform as well as NVIDIA’s and AMD's lower-end dedicated GPUs. That's quite the accomplishment for systems like this (especially the MacBook Air and 14-inch MacBook Pro), and it's another reason we highly recommend Apple's notebooks.

AI PCs and NPUs

We knew 2024 was going to be an intriguing year for notebooks based on Intel and AMD's latest chips. Intel unveiled its "Core Ultra" CPUs in December, its first to include an NPU for AI work. AMD also announced its Ryzen 8040 AI mobile chips that month (and it couldn't help but say they were faster than Intel's new hardware). At the moment, NPUs in laptops unlock MIcrosoft's Windows Studio Effects during video chats, and can also power some editing tools from Adobe and other companies.

While those capabilities aren't exactly Earth-shattering, it might be worth investing in an NPU-equipped system now so you're ready for future AI-driven features. For example, Microsoft will reportedly let its Copilot AI run locally on PCs with NPUs, which would be dramatically faster than sending all of its queries to the cloud. There's also been plenty of buzz around Qualcomm's upcoming Snapdragon laptop chips, which could potentially be just as fast as Apple's M-series processors.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

Apple 15-inch MacBook Air M3

This Apple laptop is just a larger version of the 13-inch M3 MacBook Air. It's still quite portable at 3.3 pounds, and some will appreciating having just a tad more screen real estate all the time. Configuration options are the same as well; you can spec out the 15-inch Air with up to 24GB of RAM and 2TB of storage. But considering it starts off $200 more than the smaller model, it's primarily best for those who absolutely need a larger screen and are willing to pay for it.

ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED

Aside from its lovely OLED screen, the ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED doesn't stand out from the crowded laptop field in any way. It just looks dull and boring, especially compared to the strikingly beautiful ASUS Zephyrus G14, which also came out this year. While you can probably find the ZenBook 14 for a decent price, I'd recommend holding out for something with a bit more personality (and with a less wobbly screen hinge).

Razer Blade 14

The Razer Blade has almost everything you'd want in a 14-inch gaming notebook, but it's far pricier than the Zephyrus G14 on this list, and it doesn’t even have an SD card reader. It would be a solid competitor once its price falls a bit, and it's certainly a great option if you just have to have a jet-black laptop.

Framework Laptop 16

Framework gave its modularity magic to the Laptop 16, delivering a gaming notebook where almost every single component is user replaceable. But you'll have to pay a pretty penny to snag it with upgraded hardware, and its optional Radeon 7700S GPU was surprisingly slow.

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

It’s hard to come up with an average battery life for laptops, since that will ultimately depend on what you’re doing with them. An ultraportable like the MacBook Air that sips power can last around 20 hours in our battery benchmark, and around two full work days of real-world usage. But a gaming laptop may last only a few hours if you’re actively playing something while on battery. At this point, Macs are delivering far better battery life than PCs, thanks to Apple’s Silicon chips.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. You’ll typically find configurations between 256GB and 1TB SSDs (solid state drives) on most laptops, and I’d recommend most people get at least 512GB. That’ll be enough space for large apps, music and video files without stressing your system too much. If you’re a media hoarder, or want to play a ton of games, then it’s definitely worth getting a 1TB SSD.

If you’ll mainly be streaming your shows and music, and would rather invest in RAM or other hardware, then 256GB of storage would be serviceable. I’d recommend staying away from any machine with 128GB of storage though. Most of that will be taken up by the operating system, and you’ll likely run into issues cramming in large apps after a few months.

We recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD for backing up your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since ChromeOS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on the device.

What's a good price range for a decent laptop in 2024?

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a typical 13-inch laptop today. As I explained above, you'll pay more if you want to stuff in more RAM or GPU hardware. But you can also find deals below $1,000 if you look for refurbished or older-generation models.

What’s the difference between macOS and Windows? Which is better?

Simply put, macOS is the operating system powering all of Apple's notebooks and desktops, while Windows powers the vast majority of PCs. You'll also find Chromebooks running Google's ChromeOS, but those are basically just web browsers running on top of Linux.

Debating the differences between Windows and Macs is something PC nerds have been doing since the '80s, so we won't be declaring a winner here. There are some small, negligible distinctions, like using a Command versus a Control key, how file explorers work and concerns about viruses and security. For the most part, those are minor issues or have become moot thanks to better built-in security.

But if you care more about playing the newest games, you'll want to have a Windows system. If you're more focused on creative apps, like Photoshop, Premiere and Final Cut Pro, then macOS may be a better fit (especially if you're running an iPhone).

What are the best laptop brands?

There is no single "best" laptop brand, but judging from this guide alone, we're generally impressed by notebooks from Apple, Dell and ASUS. They all produce fast, reliable and sturdy machines. HP also makes some eye-catching devices if you want an option that’s the most aesthetic. Those four brands, along with Lenovo and Acer, dominate laptop sales worldwide. We'd avoid systems from any retail store brands, or companies that don't have a major presence in the US.

Best laptops compared

The laptop buzzword of 2024 is "AI PC" — notebooks that have neural processing units (NPUs) for AI-related tasks. But while it's smart to be aware of those systems, there are far more important things to consider beyond AI-savviness. It turns out buying a computer in 2024 isn't really that much different than in recent years: You'll still want to find a system that balances power, weight and screen size with your computing needs.

Out of the 14 notebooks we've reviewed in 2024, we consider Apple's 13-inch MacBook Air M3 to be the best laptop for most people. It's powerful enough to handle most tasks (even light video editing); it has a great screen and built-in speakers; and its battery could last around 20 hours (depending on what you're doing, of course). The MacBook Air M3 is also one of the lightest and thinnest systems we've reviewed, and it's dead silent, thanks to a fanless design.

As for Windows laptops and Chromebooks, the recommendations are a bit more nuanced and varied. While the aforementioned AI features may dominate the news, the more traditional choices – between Intel and AMD CPUs, and whether or not you want a dedicated graphics chip, or GPU – still stand. And unlike Macs, your options include systems with touchscreens, 2-in-1 convertible tablets and more. To that end, we have plenty of recently tested and recommended models from brands including HP, Dell, ASUS and more in this guide.

Table of contents

• Best laptop for 2024: Apple 13-inch MacBook Air M3

• Best Windows laptop: Dell XPS 13

• Best gaming laptop: ASUS ROG Zephyrus G14

• Best Chromebook: Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 5

• Best budget laptop: HP Pavilion Aero

• Best high-end laptop: Apple MacBook Pro M3

• Best convertible laptop: HP Spectre x360 14

• How we test laptops

• What to consider before buying a laptop

• Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

• FAQs

• Best laptops compared

How we test laptops

Engadget has been reviewing laptops for two decades, and while the definition of what a portable PC is has changed considerably since, our obsession with testing their limits and serving up informative buying advice remains the same. Be it a hybrid tablet like Microsoft's Surface machines, a rotating 2-in-1 convertible like HP's Spectre x360s or a plain old clamshell notebook, our review process follows similar beats. How does it look and feel? How fast is it? Whether it’s a Windows device, a MacBook or a Chromebook, we aim to answer the most important question: Is it actually worth your hard-earned cash?

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a new laptop these days, depending on the configuration. If you're looking for more of a workhorse, that could cost you well over $2,000 for additional RAM, storage, as well as a beefier GPU and CPU. But you can also find some good deals under $1,000 if you're willing to overlook build quality (or buy a refurbished or previous generation machine, which we highly recommend). Systems with AMD chips tend to come in cheaper than their Intel counterparts, but the bulk of their cost will come down to other components like RAM and storage.

I’ve included our favorite affordable model in this best laptop buying guide, but we have a list of the best budget laptops that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

There's a good chance you've already committed to an operating system, but my advice is to be as flexible as possible. These days, most major software is compatible with both Macs and PCs. (Of course, it's another story if you've become dependent on an Apple-only app like Final Cut Pro.) Web-based apps, naturally, will work on any platform with an internet browser.

If you're an Apple-loyalist, there aren't many reasons to consider Windows laptops (unless you want a secondary gaming machine). But for Windows users, macOS is becoming more tempting every year. Apple's MacBooks, powered by its M-series Silicon chips, are among the fastest and most efficient laptops we've ever seen. They're incredibly well-built and have tremendous battery life to boot. MacOS itself is also an easy platform to learn, especially if you're used to iOS and iPadOS.

That brings up another point: iPhone users may want to consider Macs because of the seamless integration with Apple's other platforms. You can't respond to iMessage conversations easily or hop into FaceTime chats on Windows PCs, but doing so is simple on Macs. (Microsoft's Phone Link app lets you send iOS users individual texts, but not media or group chats.) Android users, meanwhile, may be better off with Windows, as Phone Link can make calls, synchronize all your texts and also access your phone's photos.

As for whether you’ll want a PC with a dedicated Copilot AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

And what about ChromeOS? Chromebooks are a smart and (typically) inexpensive way to browse the web and hop on a few video chats, but they're not the best choice as your primary computer. There aren't many apps or games that work offline, and they also don't work with powerful software suites like Adobe's (you can use the stripped-down Adobe Express and Photoshop online tools, though). Chromebooks are great secondary machines to use alongside a more powerful Mac or PC, and they're popular in schools because they're cheap and easy for IT workers to manage. And if all you need is web access, or a notebook for a kid, a Chromebook might be enough.

Connectivity

These days, most laptops ship with a few USB-C ports, which can handle both charging and speedy data transfers. Apple's MacBooks also include a separate connection for MagSafe power, and you'll find custom power connections on some PCs like Microsoft's Surface. Older USB Type-A connections are less common now, but they still pop up in systems like HP's Spectre x360 14, as well as many models from ASUS.

If you're a fan of wired headphones, it's worth keeping a close eye on headphone jack availability. Many ultra-slim laptops, like Dell's XPS 13, don’t have the 3.5mm socket entirely. They usually include a USB-C to 3.5mm adapter, but that's a clunky solution, and it also takes up a USB port. Sure, most people use wireless earbuds and cans today, but it's still helpful to have a wired one around for when those devices run out of juice.

Most laptops in 2024 offer Wi-Fi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While Wi-Fi 7 routers have started appearing, that spec hasn't made its way into laptops yet. As for cellular coverage, there are notebooks like the Surface Pro 9 and Samsung Galaxy Book models that offer integrated 5G. But from our testing, that feature may not be worth the cost of a separate data plan. Instead, you could tether to your smartphone or invest in a wireless hotspot that can keep multiple devices online.

Display size and weight

So how portable do you want your laptop to be? That's the ultimate question you need to ask when choosing between various screen sizes. 13-inch machines have become a solid starting point for most shoppers — it's enough real estate for the majority of tasks like emailing and writing, and it also helps keep machines relatively light (typically between two to three pounds). Thanks to manufacturing advancements, these dainty machines sometimes even come with larger screens (the smaller MacBook Air actually has a 13.6-inch display).

If you have trouble seeing fine text, we’d recommend going for a display larger than 13 inches. ASUS’s Zephyrus G14 is a solid 14-inch option for gamers, and we’re also seeing more productivity-focused machines aim for that size, like the XPS 14 and MacBook Pro. While 14-inch notebooks are a bit heavier than 13-inch models, coming in between three to four pounds, their screens are noticeably roomier.

For artists, or anyone else who needs a large canvas, a 15-inch laptop may make the most sense. They typically weigh between 3.5 and 4.5 pounds, but that extra heft may be worth it to fit wider video editing timelines or Photoshop windows. And, as you'd expect, you'll also pay a bit more for a 15-inch notebook compared to smaller ones (the 15-inch MacBook Air starts at $1,299, while the smaller model goes for $999). PC makers are also replacing 15-inch systems with 16-inch versions, which will give you even more space to work.

You can still find laptops with 17-inch or 18-inch screens, but those are typically gaming systems or souped-up workstations. They're not meant for mere computing mortals.

Battery life

A laptop's battery life depends on several factors: The power draw from the screen and other hardware, the optimizations used to avoid unnecessary power drain, and, of course, the size of the actual battery. One of our favorite systems, the Dell XPS 13, lasted 13 hours and 15 minutes in the PCMark 10 battery benchmark. In real-world testing, I was able to use it for a day and a half without needing a recharge. The MacBook Air 13-inch, meanwhile, lasted 20 hours in our benchmark and kept running for more than two work days of my typical workflow. In general, you should expect a modern laptop to last at least eight hours.

If battery life is your absolute priority, I'd strongly suggest looking at Macs over Windows PCs. Apple's M-series chips are essentially mobile hardware, with all of the power efficiency you'd expect from something originally designed for phones. Qualcomm’s upcoming Snapdragon chips could help Windows PCs compete with Apple’s astonishing battery life, but we’ve yet to see those in action. Chromebooks also typically get decent battery life (as long as you don’t overstuff them with power-draining tabs).

Refresh rate

A laptop's refresh rate refers to the amount of times its screen is cycled every second. Modern displays like LCDs and OLEDs support 60Hz refresh rates at a minimum, but we're seeing more devices offering 120Hz, 240Hz and beyond. The higher the number, the faster the screen is refreshed, which ultimately leads to a smoother experience while mousing around or scrolling through web pages. (If you want to get a sense of what a slow refresh rate looks like, just grab an e-reader like the Kindle and try to flip between book pages.)

While high refresh rates used to be reserved for gaming laptops, nowadays we're seeing more mainstream machines like the XPS 13 offer 120Hz (or variable rates that move between 60Hz and 120Hz). If there's one knock against the MacBook Air, it's that it's still stuck at 60Hz.

CPU

If you’re buying a new laptop, you’ll want to make sure it’s got the latest CPUs. For Windows PCs, that’s either Intel’s Core Ultra chips for thin-and-light machines or the 14th-gen HX chips for beefier systems. The Core Ultra series have NPUs for handling AI tasks, while the HX hardware does not – they’re based on Intel’s previous chip architecture, and they’re more focused on delivering raw horsepower. Intel's older 13th-gen and 12th-gen laptop chips also don't have NPUs, so keep that in mind if you're looking at used systems.

You'll also see AMD's Ryzen 8000 chips in plenty of new systems like the ASUS Zephyrus G14 and Razer Blade 14. Those CPUs mainly target gaming laptops and high performance systems, while you'll still find AMD"s older Ryzen 7000 chips in ultraportables. AMD's main advantage is that its chips also include Radeon graphics, which are far more capable than Intel's Arc hardware (though those are getting better).

As for Apple's laptops, you'll be choosing between the M3, M3 Pro and M3 Ultra, each of which is progressively more powerful. Apple is also keeping its older M2 chip around for the $999 MacBook Air, which is still a solid performer for the price.

GPU

A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is the component that communicates directly with a laptop's display. Laptop CPUs all have some form of integrated GPU: Intel has either its standard graphics or beefier Arc hardware, while AMD's chips include fast Radeon mobile graphics. If you want to play demanding games or need some extra power for rendering video or 3D models, you can configure a laptop with a dedicated GPU like NVIDIA's RTX 40-series hardware or AMD's Radeon RX 7000. Just be sure to leave room in your budget if you want a powerful GPU, as they typically add $300 or more to the cost of a laptop.

Apple's M-series chips, meanwhile, have GPU cores that can perform as well as NVIDIA’s and AMD's lower-end dedicated GPUs. That's quite the accomplishment for systems like this (especially the MacBook Air and 14-inch MacBook Pro), and it's another reason we highly recommend Apple's notebooks.

AI PCs and NPUs

We knew 2024 was going to be an intriguing year for notebooks based on Intel and AMD's latest chips. Intel unveiled its "Core Ultra" CPUs in December, its first to include an NPU for AI work. AMD also announced its Ryzen 8040 AI mobile chips that month (and it couldn't help but say they were faster than Intel's new hardware). At the moment, NPUs in laptops unlock MIcrosoft's Windows Studio Effects during video chats, and can also power some editing tools from Adobe and other companies.

While those capabilities aren't exactly Earth-shattering, it might be worth investing in an NPU-equipped system now so you're ready for future AI-driven features. For example, Microsoft will reportedly let its Copilot AI run locally on PCs with NPUs, which would be dramatically faster than sending all of its queries to the cloud. There's also been plenty of buzz around Qualcomm's upcoming Snapdragon laptop chips, which could potentially be just as fast as Apple's M-series processors.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

Other laptops we tested that didn't make the cut

Apple 15-inch MacBook Air M3

This Apple laptop is just a larger version of the 13-inch M3 MacBook Air. It's still quite portable at 3.3 pounds, and some will appreciating having just a tad more screen real estate all the time. Configuration options are the same as well; you can spec out the 15-inch Air with up to 24GB of RAM and 2TB of storage. But considering it starts off $200 more than the smaller model, it's primarily best for those who absolutely need a larger screen and are willing to pay for it.

ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED

Aside from its lovely OLED screen, the ASUS ZenBook 14 OLED doesn't stand out from the crowded laptop field in any way. It just looks dull and boring, especially compared to the strikingly beautiful ASUS Zephyrus G14, which also came out this year. While you can probably find the ZenBook 14 for a decent price, I'd recommend holding out for something with a bit more personality (and with a less wobbly screen hinge).

Razer Blade 14

The Razer Blade has almost everything you'd want in a 14-inch gaming notebook, but it's far pricier than the Zephyrus G14 on this list, and it doesn’t even have an SD card reader. It would be a solid competitor once its price falls a bit, and it's certainly a great option if you just have to have a jet-black laptop.

Framework Laptop 16

Framework gave its modularity magic to the Laptop 16, delivering a gaming notebook where almost every single component is user replaceable. But you'll have to pay a pretty penny to snag it with upgraded hardware, and its optional Radeon 7700S GPU was surprisingly slow.

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

It’s hard to come up with an average battery life for laptops, since that will ultimately depend on what you’re doing with them. An ultraportable like the MacBook Air that sips power can last around 20 hours in our battery benchmark, and around two full work days of real-world usage. But a gaming laptop may last only a few hours if you’re actively playing something while on battery. At this point, Macs are delivering far better battery life than PCs, thanks to Apple’s Silicon chips.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. You’ll typically find configurations between 256GB and 1TB SSDs (solid state drives) on most laptops, and I’d recommend most people get at least 512GB. That’ll be enough space for large apps, music and video files without stressing your system too much. If you’re a media hoarder, or want to play a ton of games, then it’s definitely worth getting a 1TB SSD.

If you’ll mainly be streaming your shows and music, and would rather invest in RAM or other hardware, then 256GB of storage would be serviceable. I’d recommend staying away from any machine with 128GB of storage though. Most of that will be taken up by the operating system, and you’ll likely run into issues cramming in large apps after a few months.

We recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD for backing up your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since ChromeOS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on the device.

What's a good price range for a decent laptop in 2024?

You can expect to spend between $1,000 and $1,800 for a typical 13-inch laptop today. As I explained above, you'll pay more if you want to stuff in more RAM or GPU hardware. But you can also find deals below $1,000 if you look for refurbished or older-generation models.

What’s the difference between macOS and Windows? Which is better?

Simply put, macOS is the operating system powering all of Apple's notebooks and desktops, while Windows powers the vast majority of PCs. You'll also find Chromebooks running Google's ChromeOS, but those are basically just web browsers running on top of Linux.

Debating the differences between Windows and Macs is something PC nerds have been doing since the '80s, so we won't be declaring a winner here. There are some small, negligible distinctions, like using a Command versus a Control key, how file explorers work and concerns about viruses and security. For the most part, those are minor issues or have become moot thanks to better built-in security.

But if you care more about playing the newest games, you'll want to have a Windows system. If you're more focused on creative apps, like Photoshop, Premiere and Final Cut Pro, then macOS may be a better fit (especially if you're running an iPhone).

What are the best laptop brands?

There is no single "best" laptop brand, but judging from this guide alone, we're generally impressed by notebooks from Apple, Dell and ASUS. They all produce fast, reliable and sturdy machines. HP also makes some eye-catching devices if you want an option that’s the most aesthetic. Those four brands, along with Lenovo and Acer, dominate laptop sales worldwide. We'd avoid systems from any retail store brands, or companies that don't have a major presence in the US.

Best laptops compared

Hades 2 is jam-packed with places to discover, and not all of them start at Erebus. If you’ve already unlocked the ward at the Crossroads, you’ll know that the surface is available as an alternative path to take, filled with its own vistas, rewards, and challenges. Sadly, protagonist Melinoë won’t be able to stay…

Read more...

Globální spolupráce dvou předních značek zahrnuje společný závazek k inovacím, výkonu a důvěře. Logo HP se na formulích objeví již v nadcházejícím závodě F1 v Miami.

Společnosti Ferrari a HP Inc. dnes oznámily historické, dlouhodobé partnerství. Spojení dvou celosvětově známých a úspěšných značek se vyznačuje společným závazkem rozvíjet udržitelné inovace a urychlovat účelné technologie v týmu Scuderia Ferrari Formula 1, týmu Scuderia Ferrari Esports a Scuderia Ferrari Driver Academy.

Logo HP se poprvé objeví na vozech F1 před Velkou cenou Miami, která je naplánována na 3.-5. května, kdy tým začne závodit jako Scuderia Ferrari HP. Pod novou značkou bude závodit také tým Scuderia Ferrari Esports a vůz Scuderia Ferrari řízený Mayou Weugovou v čistě ženské sérii F1 Academy, zahájené v roce 2023.

Spojení tradice a inovací

Společnosti HP a Ferrari se zavázaly k urychlení udržitelných inovací, ať už prostřednictvím technologií nebo sportu. Společnosti budou také spolupracovat na rozšíření vzdělávacích iniciativ v rámci svých týmů a komunit, aby vytvořily trvalé zázemí pro další generace.

V rámci partnerství umožní integrace vysoce výkonných produktů a služeb HP týmu Scuderia Ferrari HP a ostatním závodním týmům „skákajícího koně“ zvýšit přesnost tréninku a optimalizovat strategické rozhodování na trati i mimo ni.

Debut na Velké ceně Miami

Před Velkou cenou Miami budou zástupci obou organizací přítomni odhalení nového designu Scuderia Ferrari HP, který bude mít premiéru v jedinečné edici navržené speciálně pro závod v Miami. Přítomni budou generální ředitel Ferrari Benedetto Vigna, šéf týmu Scuderia Ferrari HP Fred Vasseur, jezdci týmu Charles Leclerc a Carlos Sainz a generální ředitel HP Enrique Lores.

„Náš zakladatel nám předal svou neustálou touhu po pokroku. Z toho pramení naše snaha o inovace na silnici i na závodní dráze, stejně jako náš závazek k udržitelné budoucnosti, od uhlíkové neutrality až po vzdělávání mladé generace,“ řekl Benedetto Vigna, generální ředitel společnosti Ferrari. „Ve společnosti HP jsme našli stejné hodnoty, které z ní činí ideálního partnera. Těšíme se na zahájení naší spolupráce a na to, že budeme společně čelit novým příležitostem a výzvám.“

„Technologie, výkon a výjimečné řemeslné zpracování jsou hnacím motorem budoucnosti, a proto je partnerství společností HP a Ferrari přirozené, zapadá do sebe,“ uvedl Enrique Lores, generální ředitel společnosti HP Inc. „Obě značky jsou založeny na bohaté historii, která prošla zkouškou času. Díky této jedinečné spolupráci máme také příležitost oslovit nové publikum, podpořit obchodní růst a vytvořit trvalé hodnoty pro naše klienty a komunity. Společně využijeme globální scénu závodů k urychlení udržitelných inovací.“

Článek HP a Ferrari oznamují partnerství. Závodní tým formule 1 se bude nově jmenovat Scuderia Ferrari HP se nejdříve objevil na GAME PRESS.

At the end of The Rising Tide DLC in Final Fantasy XVI, you’ll have to go toe-to-toe with Final Fantasy’s iconic sea serpent: Leviathan. Like its predecessor, Echoes of the Fallen, The Rising Tide is already more challenging than the base game, and Leviathan kicks the difficulty up yet another notch. Not only is this…

Read more...

Graduating college is a huge achievement. If you’d like to show your appreciation for a tech-savvy grad, or if you just want to help them acclimate to their new life, there are tons of gadgets and services you can gift to make it easier for them. We at Engadget spend our days testing these kinds of products and figuring out which ones are actually good — if you need some help jogging your brain, we’ve rounded up a few of our favorite college graduation gift ideas below.

Just like Echoes of the Fallen, Final Fantasy 16’s The Rising Tide DLC adds quite a few new pieces of gear for Clive to use. Among these is the Tonberry Knife, which uniquely deals low HP damage in exchange for inflicting high Will damage. Whether you want this blade for its stats or its glamour, there’s one required…

Read more...

The Hades 2 technical test is currently live for those lucky enough to have gotten access, and I can confirm that Supergiant Games’ highly anticipated (and first ever) sequel is exactly what it should be, and then some. I had a feeling Hades 2 would be good from the moment I booted up the game and heard the…

Read more...

We’ve kicked off 2024 with a slew of new processors from Intel, NVIDIA and AMD, which means there should be plenty of refreshed laptops on the horizon. This year, the term you’ll probably hear the most is AI PCs, that is, computers with neural processors designed to speed up AI tasks. While it’s not necessary for you to buy a laptop just for the sake of AI this year, it’s a good thing to keep an eye on for future-proofing as more companies bring the likes of Microsoft’s Copilot or ChatGPT to their systems. Some notebooks even have dedicated Copilot buttons on the keyboard to make it easier to summon generative AI help.

Even if you’re willing to wait out the AI hype while you shop for your new laptop, there are still plenty of other specs to consider. Should you pay extra for more memory, or get a notebook with a larger screen? We've tested and reviewed dozens of the latest laptops, including Apple's latest M3 MacBook Air, to come up with top picks for the best laptops you can buy right now, along with buying advice that will hopefully help demystify the market.

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You probably have an idea of your budget, but just so you know, most modern laptops with top-of-the-line specs cost between $1,800 to $2,000 these days. That doesn’t mean you won’t find a good system for under $1,000 — a grand is the base price for a lot of premium 13-inch ultraportables, with chips like Intel’s Core i3 or i5 series. And if that’s too expensive, you’ll still have respectable options in the $600 to $800 range, but they might come with older, slower processors and dimmer screens. You could also consider configurations with AMD’s processors, which have become more reliable and speedy in recent years, while sometimes costing less. I’ve included our favorite budget-friendly model in this best laptop buying guide but we have a list of more-affordable laptop picks that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

After working out how much money you want to spend, your next decision is what operating system to choose. As expected, that’s slightly easier for people who prefer an Apple MacBook. Now that the company has brought its M-series chips to the whole lineup, with the Pro models sporting the third generation of those processors — your only real considerations are budget, screen size and how much power you need.

Over on Team Windows, however, the shift to ARM-based chips hasn’t been as smooth and it’s quite unlikely you’ll be considering one in 2024. Though Apple laptops have been able to bring huge increases in battery life while maintaining (and in some cases improving) performance with their own silicon, PC makers have been limited by Windows’ shortcomings. For now, it’s still safer to stick with an Intel or AMD processor.

As for whether you want a PC with a dedicated AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s CoPilot generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

Finally, if you don’t really need your laptop for a lot of complicated tasks and mostly want it for Netflix, shopping and Google Docs, it’s worth remembering there’s a third and fairly popular laptop operating system: Chrome OS. If you do most of your work in a browser, then a Chromebook might be good enough, and they’re usually more affordable, too.

Connectivity

It’s worth pointing out that some recent models have done away with headphone jacks. While this doesn’t seem to be a prevalent trend yet, it’s a good reminder to check that a machine has all the connectors you need (otherwise, you'll have to spend more money on the necessary adapters). Most laptops in 2024 offer WiFi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While 5G coverage is more widespread now, whether you need support for that depends on how much you travel and your need for constant connectivity sans-Wi-Fi.

Display size

Where you plan on taking your laptop also helps in deciding what size to get. Many companies launched new 14-inch machines in the last year, straddling the line between ultraportable and bulkier 15-inch laptops. For most people, a 14-inch screen is a great middle ground. But if you’re worried about weight and want a more portable laptop, a 12- or 13-inch model will be better. Those that want more powerful processors and larger displays will prefer 15- or 16-inch versions.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

Other laptops we tested

Apple 15-inch MacBook Air M3

This Apple laptop is just a larger version of the 13-inch M3 MacBook Air. It's still quite portable at 3.3 pounds, and some will appreciating having just a tad more screen real estate all the time. Configuration options are the same as well; you can spec out the 15-inch Air with up to 24GB of RAM and 2TB of storage. But considering it starts off $200 more than the smaller model, it's primarily best for those who absolutely need a larger screen and are willing to pay for it.

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

Battery life will vary depending on the type of laptop you have and what you use it for. Gaming laptops have some of the shorter average battery lives in the notebook space because playing laborious titles causes battery to drain faster. You can expect between five and eight hours of life on a single charge with most gaming laptops, but don't be surprised if you actually get less use per charge if you're doing heavy things with it. As for regular laptops, you can expect roughly ten hours of life on the best models, but some will fall on the lower and higher ends of the spectrum.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. Most of the best laptops will have configurations with 128GB, 256GB, 512GB and 1TB storage options, and we think most people will be served best by either of the two middle options: 256GB of 512GB. If you use your laptop to store tons of documents and files, or photos and videos, we recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD with which you can backup your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since Chrome OS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on a device.

The HP ZBook Firefly line of laptops are mobile workstation PCs with compact designs, but premium features including optional support for up to an NVIDIA RTX A500 discrete GPU. Now HP has unveiled an upgraded model that also features the latest Intel or AMD processor options with integrated neural processing units for advanced AI capabilities. […]

The post HP ZBook Firefly G11 laptops come with Intel Core Ultra or Ryzen 8040HS processor options appeared first on Liliputing.

Enlarge / The HP Envy 6020e is one of the printers available for rent. (credit: HP)

HP launched a subscription service today that rents people a printer, allots them a specific amount of printed pages, and sends them ink for a monthly fee. HP is framing its service as a way to simplify printing for families and small businesses, but the deal also comes with monitoring and a years-long commitment.

Prices range from $6.99 per month for a plan that includes an HP Envy printer (the current model is the 6020e) and 20 printed pages. The priciest plan includes an HP OfficeJet Pro rental and 700 printed pages for $35.99 per month.

HP says it will provide subscribers with ink deliveries when they're running low and 24/7 support via phone or chat (although it's dubious how much you want to rely on HP support). Support doesn't include on or offsite repairs or part replacements. The subscription's terms of service (TOS) note that the service doesn't cover damage or failure caused by, unsurprisingly, "use of non-HP media supplies and other products" or if you use your printer more than what your plan calls for.

Read 21 remaining paragraphs | Comments

If you like to play competitive games that benefit from a higher frame-rate and refresh rate, then this 1440p 240Hz monitor for $300 in Best Buy US is well worth knowing about. This is an HP OMen 27qs to be exact, a well-regarded Fast IPS model that combines good all-around characteristics with excellent motion handling and that high refresh rate - now discounted by $130.

Read more

We’ve kicked off 2024 with a slew of new processors from Intel, NVIDIA and AMD, which means there should be plenty of refreshed laptops on the horizon. This year, the term you’ll probably hear the most is AI PCs, that is, computers with neural processors designed to speed up AI tasks. While it’s not necessary for you to buy a laptop just for the sake of AI this year, it’s a good thing to keep an eye on for future-proofing as more companies bring the likes of Microsoft’s Copilot or ChatGPT to their systems. Some notebooks even have dedicated Copilot buttons on the keyboard to make it easier to summon generative AI help.

Even if you’re willing to wait out the AI hype while you shop for your new laptop, there are still plenty of other specs to consider. Should you pay extra for more memory, or get a notebook with a larger screen? We've tested and reviewed dozens of the latest laptops to come up with top picks for the best laptops you can buy right now, along with buying advice that will hopefully help demystify the market.

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You probably have an idea of your budget, but just so you know, most modern laptops with top-of-the-line specs cost between $1,800 to $2,000 these days. That doesn’t mean you won’t find a good system for under $1,000 — a grand is the base price for a lot of premium 13-inch ultraportables, with chips like Intel’s Core i3 or i5 series. And if that’s too expensive, you’ll still have respectable options in the $600 to $800 range, but they might come with older, slower processors and dimmer screens. You could also consider configurations with AMD’s processors, which have become more reliable and speedy in recent years, while sometimes costing less. I’ve included our favorite budget-friendly model in this best laptop buying guide but we have a list of more-affordable laptop picks that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

After working out how much money you want to spend, your next decision is what operating system to choose. As expected, that’s slightly easier for people who prefer an Apple MacBook. Now that the company has brought its M-series chips to the whole lineup, with the Pro models sporting the third generation of those processors — your only real considerations are budget, screen size and how much power you need.

Over on Team Windows, however, the shift to ARM-based chips hasn’t been as smooth and it’s quite unlikely you’ll be considering one in 2024. Though Apple laptops have been able to bring huge increases in battery life while maintaining (and in some cases improving) performance with their own silicon, PC makers have been limited by Windows’ shortcomings. For now, it’s still safer to stick with an Intel or AMD processor.

As for whether you want a PC with a dedicated AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s CoPilot generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

Finally, if you don’t really need your laptop for a lot of complicated tasks and mostly want it for Netflix, shopping and Google Docs, it’s worth remembering there’s a third and fairly popular laptop operating system: Chrome OS. If you do most of your work in a browser, then a Chromebook might be good enough, and they’re usually more affordable, too.

Connectivity

It’s worth pointing out that some recent models have done away with headphone jacks. While this doesn’t seem to be a prevalent trend yet, it’s a good reminder to check that a machine has all the connectors you need (otherwise, you'll have to spend more money on the necessary adapters). Most laptops in 2024 offer WiFi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While 5G coverage is more widespread now, whether you need support for that depends on how much you travel and your need for constant connectivity sans-Wi-Fi.

Display size

Where you plan on taking your laptop also helps in deciding what size to get. Many companies launched new 14-inch machines in the last year, straddling the line between ultraportable and bulkier 15-inch laptops. For most people, a 14-inch screen is a great middle ground. But if you’re worried about weight and want a more portable laptop, a 12- or 13-inch model will be better. Those that want more powerful processors and larger displays will prefer 15- or 16-inch versions.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

Battery life will vary depending on the type of laptop you have and what you use it for. Gaming laptops have some of the shorter average battery lives in the notebook space because playing laborious titles causes battery to drain faster. You can expect between five and eight hours of life on a single charge with most gaming laptops, but don't be surprised if you actually get less use per charge if you're doing heavy things with it. As for regular laptops, you can expect roughly ten hours of life on the best models, but some will fall on the lower and higher ends of the spectrum.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. Most of the best laptops will have configurations with 128GB, 256GB, 512GB and 1TB storage options, and we think most people will be served best by either of the two middle options: 256GB of 512GB. If you use your laptop to store tons of documents and files, or photos and videos, we recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD with which you can backup your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since Chrome OS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on a device.

Persona 3 is almost 20 years old, and as I stated in our review, Persona 3 Reload, the new remake of the classic RPG, solidifies how it was incredibly ahead of its time. Reload knows not to mess too much with a good thing, and that includes preserving its ending, which, after recently experiencing for the first time…

Read more...

We’ve kicked off 2024 with a slew of new processors from Intel, NVIDIA and AMD, which means there should be plenty of refreshed laptops on the horizon. This year, the term you’ll probably hear the most is AI PCs, that is, computers with neural processors designed to speed up AI tasks. While it’s not necessary for you to buy a laptop just for the sake of AI this year, it’s a good thing to keep an eye on for future-proofing as more companies bring the likes of Microsoft’s Copilot or ChatGPT to their systems. Some notebooks even have dedicated Copilot buttons on the keyboard to make it easier to summon generative AI help.

Even if you’re willing to wait out the AI hype while you shop for your new laptop, there are still plenty of other specs to consider. Should you pay extra for more memory, or get a notebook with a larger screen? We've tested and reviewed dozens of the latest laptops to come up with top picks for the best laptops you can buy right now, along with buying advice that will hopefully help demystify the market.

What to consider before buying a laptop

Price

You probably have an idea of your budget, but just so you know, most modern laptops with top-of-the-line specs cost between $1,800 to $2,000 these days. That doesn’t mean you won’t find a good system for under $1,000 — a grand is the base price for a lot of premium 13-inch ultraportables, with chips like Intel’s Core i3 or i5 series. And if that’s too expensive, you’ll still have respectable options in the $600 to $800 range, but they might come with older, slower processors and dimmer screens. You could also consider configurations with AMD’s processors, which have become more reliable and speedy in recent years, while sometimes costing less. I’ve included our favorite budget-friendly model in this best laptop buying guide but we have a list of more-affordable laptop picks that you can check out as well.

Operating system: Apple, Windows or Chrome OS

After working out how much money you want to spend, your next decision is what operating system to choose. As expected, that’s slightly easier for people who prefer an Apple MacBook. Now that the company has brought its M-series chips to the whole lineup, with the Pro models sporting the third generation of those processors — your only real considerations are budget, screen size and how much power you need.

Over on Team Windows, however, the shift to ARM-based chips hasn’t been as smooth and it’s quite unlikely you’ll be considering one in 2024. Though Apple laptops have been able to bring huge increases in battery life while maintaining (and in some cases improving) performance with their own silicon, PC makers have been limited by Windows’ shortcomings. For now, it’s still safer to stick with an Intel or AMD processor.

As for whether you want a PC with a dedicated AI button on the keyboard, that depends on how often you see yourself using Microsoft’s CoPilot generative tools. Given we’re only just seeing the first slate of AI PCs, it would be wiser to wait out the hype and see what improvements might come over time.

Finally, if you don’t really need your laptop for a lot of complicated tasks and mostly want it for Netflix, shopping and Google Docs, it’s worth remembering there’s a third and fairly popular laptop operating system: Chrome OS. If you do most of your work in a browser, then a Chromebook might be good enough, and they’re usually more affordable, too.

Connectivity

It’s worth pointing out that some recent models have done away with headphone jacks. While this doesn’t seem to be a prevalent trend yet, it’s a good reminder to check that a machine has all the connectors you need (otherwise, you'll have to spend more money on the necessary adapters). Most laptops in 2024 offer WiFi 6 or 6E and Bluetooth 5.0 or later, which should mean faster and more stable connections if you have compatible routers and devices. While 5G coverage is more widespread now, whether you need support for that depends on how much you travel and your need for constant connectivity sans-Wi-Fi.

Display size

Where you plan on taking your laptop also helps in deciding what size to get. Many companies launched new 14-inch machines in the last year, straddling the line between ultraportable and bulkier 15-inch laptops. For most people, a 14-inch screen is a great middle ground. But if you’re worried about weight and want a more portable laptop, a 12- or 13-inch model will be better. Those that want more powerful processors and larger displays will prefer 15- or 16-inch versions.

See Also:

• Best Gaming Laptops for 2024

• Best Cheap Windows Laptops

• Best 2-in-1 Laptops for 2024

• Best Chromebooks

• Best Laptops for College Students

FAQs

What is the average battery life of a laptop per charge?

Battery life will vary depending on the type of laptop you have and what you use it for. Gaming laptops have some of the shorter average battery lives in the notebook space because playing laborious titles causes battery to drain faster. You can expect between five and eight hours of life on a single charge with most gaming laptops, but don't be surprised if you actually get less use per charge if you're doing heavy things with it. As for regular laptops, you can expect roughly ten hours of life on the best models, but some will fall on the lower and higher ends of the spectrum.

What is the best storage capacity for a laptop?

There is no one-size-fits-all solution when it comes to laptop storage. Most of the best laptops will have configurations with 128GB, 256GB, 512GB and 1TB storage options, and we think most people will be served best by either of the two middle options: 256GB of 512GB. If you use your laptop to store tons of documents and files, or photos and videos, we recommend springing for extra built-in storage or investing in a portable SSD with which you can backup your most important files. It's also worth noting that Chromebooks tend to come with less built-in storage — 32GB, 64GB or 128GB — since Chrome OS encourages users to save their files in the cloud rather than on a device.

DNA assembly of 3D nanomaterials

Scientists from Brookhaven National Laboratory, Columbia University, and Stony Brook University developed a method that uses DNA to instruct molecules to organize themselves into targeted 3D patterns and produce a wide variety of designed metallic and semiconductor 3D nanostructures.

“We have been using DNA to program nanoscale materials for more than a decade,” said corresponding author Oleg Gang, a professor of chemical engineering and of applied physics and materials science at Columbia Engineering, in a release. “Now, by building on previous achievements, we have developed a method for converting these DNA-based structures into many types of functional inorganic 3D nano-architectures, and this opens tremendous opportunities for 3D nanoscale manufacturing.”

Researchers program strands of DNA to “direct” the self-assembly process towards molecular arrangements that give rise to properties such as electrical conductivity, photosensitivity, and magnetism, which can then be scaled up to functional materials.

The team used the method to grow silica on a DNA lattice, which helped to create a robust structure. They then used vapor-phase infiltration and liquid-phase infiltration, which bonds a precursor chemical in vapor or liquid form to a nanoscale lattice, to produce a variety of 3D metallic structures.

Scientists used a new, universal method to create a variety of 3D metallic and semiconductor nanostructures, including this structure revealed by an electron microscope. The scale bar represents one micrometer. The superimposed graphics convey that the researchers combined multiple techniques to layer silicon dioxide, then alumina-doped zinc oxide, and finally platinum on top of a DNA “scaffolding.” This complex structure represents new possibilities for advanced manufacturing at small scales. (Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory)

“Stacking these techniques showed much more depth of control than has ever been accomplished before,” said Aaron Michelson, a postdoctoral researcher at Brookhaven’s Center for Functional Nanomaterials, in a release. “Whatever vapors are available as precursors for vapor-phase infiltration can be coupled with various metal salts compatible with liquid-phase infiltration to create more complex structures. For example, we were able to combine platinum, aluminum, and zinc on top of one nanostructure.”

They were also able to add on semiconducting metal oxides, such as zinc oxide, to an insulating nanostructure, providing it with electrical conductivity and photoluminescent properties. [1]

Mott insulator transistor

Researchers from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of the Basque Country, and NYU Shanghai propose a way to make transistors out of Mott insulators.

The researchers were able to direct the Mott transition from insulator to metal and back again by topping a Mott insulator with a gate insulator made of a ferroelectric material and using a voltage to flip the ferroelectric material’s polarization. A third layer beneath the Mott channel that allows charges to migrate from the Mott down to it improved control over the insulator-metal transition with an on-off ratio of 385.

Additionally, the researchers claim that the Mott-ferroelectric pairing is more energy-efficient than other non-volatile but magnetism-based memory, including MRAM.

“We can have very high-performance devices, retaining many manufacturing processes of conventional semiconductors and overcoming some fundamental limitations of them,” said Xia Hong, professor of physics at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, in a release. “I think it’s ready. It’s really competitive with other non-volatile memory technologies.” [2]

Faster wireless data speeds

Researchers from Osaka University and IMRA America suggest a way to increase wireless data transmission speeds by reducing the noise in the system using lasers.

Future 6G transmitters and receivers are expected to use the sub-terahertz band, which extends from 100 GHz to 300 GHz, using an approach called “multi-level signal modulation” to further increase the data transmission rate. However, this approach is highly sensitive to noise at the upper end of the frequency range.

“This problem has limited 300-GHz communications so far,” said Keisuke Maekawa of Osaka University in a statement. “However, we found that at high frequencies, a signal generator based on a photonic device had much less phase noise than a conventional electrical signal generator.”

The team used a stimulated Brillouin scattering laser, which employs interactions between sound and light waves, to generate a precise signal. They then set up a 300 GHz-band wireless communication system that employs the laser-based signal generator in both the transmitter and receiver. The system also used on-line digital signal processing (DSP) to demodulate the signals in the receiver and increase the data rate.

“Our team achieved a single-channel transmission rate of 240 gigabits per second,” said Tadao Nagatsuma, a professor at Osaka University, in a release. “This is the highest transmission rate obtained so far in the world using on-line DSP.” The researchers expect that with multiplexing techniques and more sensitive receivers, the data rate can be increased to 1 terabit per second. [3]

References

[1] Aaron Michelson et al., Three-dimensional nanoscale metal, metal oxide, and semiconductor frameworks through DNA-programmable assembly and templating. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl0604 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl0604

[2] Hao, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, L. et al. Record high room temperature resistance switching in ferroelectric-gated Mott transistors unlocked by interfacial charge engineering. Nat Commun 14, 8247 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44036-x

[3] Keisuke Maekawa, Tomoya Nakashita, Toki Yoshioka, Takashi Hori, Antoine Rolland, Tadao Nagatsuma, Single-channel 240-Gbit/s sub-THz wireless communications using ultra-low phase noise receiver, IEICE Electronics Express, Article ID 20.20230584, Advance online publication December 25, 2023, Online ISSN 1349-2543, https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.20.20230584

The post Research Bits: Feb. 19 appeared first on Semiconductor Engineering.